Rescue of behavioral and electrophysiological phenotypes in a Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mouse model by genetic restoration of Tcf4 expression

  1. Hyojin Kim
  2. Eric B Gao
  3. Adam Draper
  4. Noah C Berens
  5. Hanna Vihma
  6. Xinyuan Zhang
  7. Alexandra Higashi-Howard
  8. Kimberly D Ritola
  9. Jeremy M Simon
  10. Andrew J Kennedy
  11. Benjamin D Philpot  Is a corresponding author
  1. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
  2. Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
  3. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
  4. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, United States
  5. HHMI Janelia Research Campus, United States
  6. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
  7. Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hil, United States
7 figures, 1 table and 2 additional files

Figures

Figure 1 with 1 supplement
Embryonic, pan-cellular reinstatement of Tcf4 fully rescues behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome.

(A) Schematic depicting a conditional Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mouse model in which expression of the bHLH region of Tcf4 is prevented by the insertion of a loxP-P2A-GFP-STOP-loxP cassette into intron …

Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Body and brain weight analysis.

(A) DAB immunostaining of GFP (indicating presence of the STOP cassette) in sagittal brain sections of adult Tcf4+/+, Tcf4STOP/+, and Tcf4STOP/+::Actb-Cre mice. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Adult male (Tcf4…

Figure 2 with 3 supplements
Embryonic reinstatement of Tcf4 expression in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons rescues selective behavioral deficits in a mouse model of PTHS.

(A) Schematic representation of cell type-specific Tcf4 reinstatement strategy. Tcf4STOP/+::Neurod6-Cre or Tcf4STOP/+::Gad2-Cre mice normalize Tcf4 expression in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons, …

Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cell type-specific Tcf4 expression in the neonatal and adult mouse brain.

(A) Average expression of Tcf4 in 19 cell types identified in the P0 cortex data analyzed from reference (Loo et al., 2019). Cell type names are colored by principal cell classifications. (B) …

Figure 2—figure supplement 2
Behavioral phenotypes are not affected in Neurod6-Cre +/- and Gad2-Cre +/- mice.

(A–B) Behavioral performance of Cre transgenic mice (Tcf4+/+::Neurod6-Cre and Tcf4+/+::Gad2-Cre) was statistically indistinguishable from wildtype mice (Tcf4+/+) in open field (A: Tcf4+/+: n = 7, Tcf…

Figure 2—figure supplement 3
Behavioral outcomes of Tcf4STOP/+::Gad2-Cre and Tcf4STOP/+::Olig2-Cre mice.

(A–C) Total distance traveled for the 30-min testing period (A: Tcf4+/+: n = 14, Tcf4STOP/+: n = 17, B: Tcf4+/+::Gad2-Cre: n = 12, Tcf4STOP/+::Gad2-Cre: n = 8, C: Tcf4+/+::Olig2-Cre: n = 13, Tcf4STOP…

Figure 3 with 1 supplement
Neonatal ICV delivery of PHP.eB/Cre yields Cre expression by approximately P10-P17.

(A) A timeline of experiment to evaluate timing of Cre biodistribution following intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 1 µl of 3.2 × 1013 vg/ml AAV9/PHP.eB-hSyn-Cre to P1 mice. (B) In situ …

Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Cre immunofluorescence staining in sagittal sections of P4, P7, P10, and P17 mice.

(A) Dual immunostaining of neuronal marker (NeuN) and Cre in P17 brain of a mouse treated with PHP.eB/Cre. CRE protein was detected in NeuN-positive cells (green circle), but absent in NeuN-negative …

Figure 4 with 2 supplements
Neonatal ICV injection of PHP.eB/Cre improves behavioral phenotypes in Tcf4STOP/+ mice.

(A) Experimental timeline for evaluation of behavioral phenotypes in Tcf4+/+ and Tcf4STOP/+ mice treated with vehicle or PHP.eB/Cre. (B) Left panel: Distance traveled per 5 min. Right panel: Total …

Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Behavioral outcomes of Tcf4+/+ and Tcf4STOP/+ treated with PHP.eB/GFP.

(A–B) Green fluorescence protein (GFP) immunofluorescence staining in sagittal section of P21 wildtype mouse brain that had ICV injection of 1 µl of 8.5 × 1012 vg/ml PHP.eB-hSyn-GFP at P1. Scale …

Figure 4—figure supplement 2
Behavioral outcomes of Tcf4STOP/+::Camk2a-Cre mice.

Total distance traveled for the 30-min testing period in the open field (Tcf4+/+::Camk2a-Cre: n = 13, Tcf4STOP/+::Camk2a-Cre: n = 9), percent time interacting with the novel location object (Tcf4+/+:…

Figure 5 with 1 supplement
Neonatal ICV injection of PHP.eB/Cre partially rescues LFP spectral power in Tcf4STOP/+ mice.

(A) Schematic of local field potential (LFP) recording from the hippocampus of a freely moving mouse. (B) Representative examples of LFP in each experimental group. (C) Power spectrum density of …

Figure 5—figure supplement 1
Tcf4 haploinsufficiency alters LFP spectral power in the theta band.

(A) Example electrode location (red, GFAP; green, NeuN). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Representative examples of LFP in Tcf4+/+ and Tcf4STOP/+ mice. (C) Power spectrum density of hippocampal LFP analyzed …

Widespread Cre expression of the forebrain leads to partial upregulation of Tcf4 and partial recovery of selected TCF4-regulated gene expression.

(A) Representative image of in situ hybridization for Cre mRNA in sagittal section of 6-month-old Tcf4STOP/+ mouse that was treated at P1 with PHP.eB/Cre. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B–D) Higher …

Author response image 1
Representative Western blot and quantification for GFP and GAPDH loading control protein from P17 mouse brain lysates.

Quantification represents data from Vehicle- and PHP.eB/Cre-treated Tcf4Stop/+ mice.

Tables

Key resources table
Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional information
Gene (M. musculus)Transcription factor 4 (Tcf4)GenBankMGI:MGI:98,506
Genetic reagent (M. musculus)(C57BL/6 J) Tcf4STOP/+doi:10.3389/fnana2020.00042
Genetic reagent (M. musculus)(C57BL/6 J) Actb-Cre+/-Jackson LaboratoryStrain #: 019099PMID:9598348
Genetic reagent (M. musculus)(C57BL/6 J) Gad2-Cre+/-Jackson LaboratoryStrain #: 010802PMID:21943598
Genetic reagent (M. musculus)(C57BL/6 J) Olig2-Cre+/-Jackson LaboratoryStrain #: 025567PMID:20569695
Genetic reagent (M. musculus)(C57BL/6 J) Camk2a-Cre+/-Jackson LaboratoryStrain #: 005359PMID:8980237
Genetic reagent (M. musculus)(C57BL/6 J) Neurod6-Cre+/-doi:10.1002/dvg.20256
AntibodyMouse monoclonal anti-Cre recombinaseMillipore SigmaMAB3120(1:1000)
AntibodyGuinea pig polyclonal anti-NeuNMillipore SigmaABN90P(1:1000)
AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-GFAPAgilent DakoZ033429-2(1:1000)
AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-GFPNOVUS BiologicalsNB600-308(1:1000)
AntibodyGoat polyclonal anti-rabbit Alexa 568InvitrogenA11011(1:1000)
AntibodyGoat polyclonal anti-mouse Alexa 647InvitrogenA21240(1:1000)
AntibodyGoat polyclonal anti-guinea pig Alexa 594InvitrogenA11076(1:1000)
AntibodyGoat polyclonal anti-rabbit Alexa 448InvitrogenA32731(1:1000)
OtherBiotinylated goat anti-rabbit antibodyVector LaboratoriesBA-1000–1.5Biotinylated secondary antibody, (1:500)
OtherABC elite avidin-biotin-peroxidase systemVector LaboratoriesVector PK-7100Detection of biotinylated molecule
OtherDAPI stainInvitrogenD1306Blue-fluorescent DNA stain (700 ng/m)
AntibodyMouse monoclonal anti-ITF-2Santa Cruz BiotechnologySc-393407(1:1000), doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0197–21.2021
AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-beta TubulinAbcamAb6046(1:5000)
AntibodyGoat polyclonal anti-mouse secondary antibody, HRPThermo Fisher31,430(1:5000)
AntibodyGoat polyclonal anti-rabbit secondary antibody, HRPThermo Fisher31,460(1:5000)
OtherBicinchoninic acid assayThermo Scientific23,225Quantitation of total protein
OtherProtease inhibitor cocktailSigmaP8340Inhibition of serine-proteases
OtherOdyssey blocking bufferLi-COR Biosciences927–40100Phosphate-buffered saline that provides optimal blocking conditions
OtherPolyvinylidene fluoride membranesFisher Scientific45-004-110Membrane materials used for Western blot
Commercial assay, kitClarity Western ECL SubstrateBio-Rad1705061
Commercial assay, kitRNAscope Fluorescent Multiplex AssayAdvanced Cell Diagnostics320,850
Commercial assay, kitRNAscope Protease IVAdvanced Cell Diagnostics322,340
Commercial assay, kitRNAscope Probe-iCRE-C3Advanced Cell Diagnostics423321-C3Accession No:AY056050.1
Commercial assay, kitRNeasy Mini KitQiagen74,106
Commercial assay, kitSYBR green master mixThermofisherA25742
OthercDNA SuperMixQuantaBio101414–106First-strand cDNA synthesis
Sequence-based reagentmTcf4 ForwardThis paperPCR primersGGGAGGAAGAGAAGGTGT
Sequence-based reagentmTcf4 ReverseThis paperPCR primersCATCTGTCCCATGTGATTCGC
Sequence-based reagentGrin2a ForwardThis paperPCR primersTTCATGATCCAGGAGGAGTTTG
Sequence-based reagentGrin2a ReverseThis paperPCR primersAATCGGAAAGGCGGAGAATAG
Sequence-based reagentMal ForwardThis paperPCR primersCTGGCCACCATCTCAATGT
Sequence-based reagentMal ReverseThis paperPCR primersTGGACCACGTAGATCAGAGT
Sequence-based reagentGlra3 ForwardThis paperPCR primersGGGCATCACCACTGTACTTA
Sequence-based reagentGlra3 ReverseThis paperPCR primersCCGCCATCCAAATGTCAATAG
Sequence-based reagentNpar1 ForwardThis paperPCR primersCCCTCTACAGTGACTCCTACTT
Sequence-based reagentNpar1 ReverseThis paperPCR primersGCCAAAGATGTGAGCGTAGA
Sequence-based reagentActin ForwardThis paperPCR primersGGCACCACACCTTCTACAATG
Sequence-based reagentActin ReverseThis paperPCR primersGGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAAC
Software, algorithmEthovision XT 15.0Noldus
Software, algorithmSpike2Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd
Software, algorithmGraphPad Prism 9.1.1GraphPad Software

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