Structure and ion-release mechanism of PIB-4-type ATPases
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Umeå University, Sweden
- Lund University, Sweden
- The University of Texas at Dallas, United States
- University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Abstract
Transition metals, such as zinc, are essential micronutrients in all organisms, but also highly toxic in excessive amounts. Heavy-metal transporting P-type (PIB) ATPases are crucial for homeostasis, conferring cellular detoxification and redistribution through transport of these ions across cellular membranes. No structural information is available for the PIB-4-ATPases, the subclass with the broadest cargo scope, and hence even their topology remains elusive. Here we present structures and complementary functional analyses of an archetypal PIB‑4‑ATPase, sCoaT from Sulfitobacter sp. NAS14-1. The data disclose the architecture, devoid of classical so-called heavy metal binding domains, and provides fundamentally new insights into the mechanism and diversity of heavy-metal transporters. We reveal several novel P-type ATPase features, including a dual role in heavy-metal release and as an internal counter ion of an invariant histidine. We also establish that the turn-over of PIB‑ATPases is potassium independent, contrasting to many other P-type ATPases. Combined with new inhibitory compounds, our results open up for efforts in e.g. drug discovery, since PIB-4-ATPases function as virulence factors in many pathogens.
Data availability
Atomic coordinates and structure factors for the sCoaT AlF4-- and BeF3--stabilized crystal structures have been deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB) under accession codes 7QBZ and 7QC0.
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Structure and ion-release mechanism of PIB-4-type ATPasesProtein Data Bank, 7QBZ.
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Structure and ion-release mechanism of PIB-4-type ATPasesProtein Data Bank, 7QC0.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF18SA0034956)
- Christina Grønberg
Lundbeckfonden (R313-2019-774,R218-2016-1548,R133-A12689)
- Pontus Gourdon
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (2020.0194,2015.0131)
- Pontus Gourdon
Carlsbergfondet (CF15-0542,2013_01_0641)
- Pontus Gourdon
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0007471)
- Pontus Gourdon
Brodrene Hartmann (A29519)
- Pontus Gourdon
Agnes og Poul Friis Fond
- Pontus Gourdon
Augustinus Fonden (16-1992)
- Pontus Gourdon
Crafoord (20180652,20170818)
- Pontus Gourdon
Per-Eric and Ulla Schyberg (38267)
- Pontus Gourdon
Swedish Research Council (2016-04474)
- Pontus Gourdon
The memorial foundation of manufacturer Vilhelm Pedersen and wife - and the Aarhus Wilson consortium
- Christina Grønberg
The Independent Research Fund Denmark (9039-00273A)
- Pontus Gourdon
China Scholarship Council
- Qiaoxia Hu
Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning (CTS 17:22)
- Dhani Ram Mahato
Swedish Research Council Starting Grant (2016-03610)
- Magnus Andersson
Robert A. Welke Cancer Research Foundation (AT-1935-20170325 and AT-2073-20210327)
- Gabriele Meloni
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM128704))
- Gabriele Meloni
National Science Foundation (CHE- 2045984)
- Gabriele Meloni
Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20200378)
- Gabriela Godaly
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Copyright
© 2021, Grønberg et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Structure and ion-release mechanism of PIB-4-type ATPases
eLife 10:e73124.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.73124
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Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) involving intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) is a major physical mechanism for biological membraneless compartmentalization. The multifaceted electrostatic effects in these biomolecular condensates are exemplified here by experimental and theoretical investigations of the different salt- and ATP-dependent LLPSs of an IDR of messenger RNA-regulating protein Caprin1 and its phosphorylated variant pY-Caprin1, exhibiting, for example, reentrant behaviors in some instances but not others. Experimental data are rationalized by physical modeling using analytical theory, molecular dynamics, and polymer field-theoretic simulations, indicating that interchain ion bridges enhance LLPS of polyelectrolytes such as Caprin1 and the high valency of ATP-magnesium is a significant factor for its colocalization with the condensed phases, as similar trends are observed for other IDRs. The electrostatic nature of these features complements ATP’s involvement in π-related interactions and as an amphiphilic hydrotrope, underscoring a general role of biomolecular condensates in modulating ion concentrations and its functional ramifications.
