vulcanus. (A) Phototaxis on agar plates. Images were taken 8 hr after spotting the cell suspension. (B) Diagram of the experimental setup to visualize single cellular behaviour under optical …
Rose plots.
Cell displacement.
(A) Schematics of the lateral illumination for phototaxis. Five LEDs were simultaneously applied through dichroic mirrors from the right side. (B) Spectra of lateral and vertical light for …
Effects of the light source on the phototactic behaviour of cells on a glass surface.
Rose plots.
(A) Spectra of each LED used for stimulation. No lateral illumination in the dark condition. Infrared light was used for cell observation from a halogen lamp through a bandpass filter (see more …
(A) Cell images at 4 min after the lateral light was turned on. (B) Kymograph of cell movements along the optical axis of lateral illumination. Directional movements of cells are presented by the …
Lateral light from a single LED was adjusted to a fluence rate of 70 μmol m−2 s−1 and applied from the right side of the image. (A) Cell image at 4 min after the lateral light was turned on. (B) …
(A) Spectra of two LEDs used for stimulation. (B) Cell images at 4 min after the lateral light was turned on. Lateral light from two LEDs was adjusted at a fluence rate of 70 μmol m−2 s−1 for each …
Lateral blue light was adjusted at various fluence rates, while lateral green light was fixed at 70 μmol m−2 s−1, as presented at the top. (A) Cell images at 4 min after the lateral light was turned …
(A) Schematic of the lateral light illumination. Blue and green light were applied from the left and right sides of the image at 70 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. (B) Cell images at 4 min after the …
(A) Domain composition of candidate photoreceptor-containing proteins in T. vulcanus. (B) Mutant cell behaviour after lateral light illumination. Upper: lateral green light at a fluence rate of 70 …
Mutant cell behaviour after lateral light illumination.
Rose plots.
Intracellular cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) concentrations in wild type (WT) and ∆sesA.
Blue light is rich at the surface of such a community (e.g., a phototrophic mat in a hot spring). Synthesis of c-di-GMP induces downward migration at the surface, while degradation of c-di-GMP …
(A) Domain composition of Tll1859 protein. The WT_N strain has a frameshift mutation in the gene sequence of the EAL domain. (B) Predicted structure of the Tll1859-EAL domain by SWISS-MODEL. The …
Intracellular cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) concentrations in WT_N and tll1859toN mutant.
List of nucleotide differences found in ‘WT_N’ compared with ‘WT’ of T.
vulcanus.
(A) Schematic of the T4P machinery. Protein components and their gene IDs from the genome of T. vulcanus are indicated. The location of the components is presented in reference to other species (Chan…
Effect of lateral light illumination on mutant cells.
Moving trajectories.
Area of a cell.
Moving direction of a cell in relation to the light source.
(A) Schematic of the beads’ assay. Sulfate beads (200 nm in diameter) were added to the cells on a glass surface. (B) Typical trajectories of beads. Left: a series of images. Time was presented at …
Moving trajectories of beads in Figure 7BF.
Time course of the distance between the bead and a cell pole.
Distribution of the bead velocity in Figure 7E, Figure 7—figure supplement 2 −.
Rose plot.
(A) Type IV pili (T4P)-dependent bead accumulation at the cell pole. Cell images were observed by dark-field microscopy 2 min after adding 200-nm diameter sulfate beads. Yellow indicates bead …
T4P dynamics were visualized through 200-nm diameter sulfate beads. The velocity of bead movement was measured by the time course of bead displacement. The movement towards the cell was measured as …
(A) Cell image via optical microscopy. Left: cell image visualized by the lateral illumination of green light from the right side of the image. Middle: cell outline visualized by the vertical …
(A) Schematic of the epi-fluorescent microscopy setup. (B) Distribution of the velocity of T4P dynamics. The velocity of pilus dynamics was measured as the time course of the displacement of the …
Distribution of the velocity of type IV pili (T4P) dynamics in Figure 8B.
Rose plot of the type IV pili (T4P) filaments in Figure 8F.
Lateral illumination of green light was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination of blue light was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination of green light was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 25°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination of green and blue light was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination of green light was applied with 4-min intervals from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination of green and blue light was applied with 4-min intervals from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. The illumination was applied with three phases in the order of green, green/blue, and green with a time interval of 4 …
Lateral illumination was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. The illumination was applied with three phases in the order of green, green/blue, and green with a time interval of 4 …
Lateral illumination was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. The illumination was applied with three phases in the order of green, green/blue, and green with a time interval of 4 …
Lateral illumination was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. The illumination was applied with three phases in the order of green, green/blue, and green with a time interval of 4 …
Lateral illumination of green light was turned on at time 0 from the right side of the movie. ΔpilB cells at 45°C. Area 750 × 563 μm.
Lateral illumination of green and blue light was applied from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 117 × 88 μm.
Lateral illumination of green and blue light was applied from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cell at 45°C. Area 171 × 44 μm.
Lateral illumination of green and blue light was applied from the right side of the movie. Wild type (WT) cell at 45°C. Area 171 × 44 μm.
Extension and retraction of the T4P filament were visualized by sulfate beads with a size of 200 nm. Wild type (WT) cells at 45°C. Area 42.0 × 31.5 μm.
Lateral illumination was applied from the right side of the movie. Extension and retraction of the T4P filament were visualized by beads with a size of 200 nm. Dark-field microscopy. Wild type (WT) …
Extension and retraction of the T4P filaments were visualized by fluorescence labelling of PilA1 at 45°C. Area 39.0 × 29.3 μm.
Extension and retraction of the T4P filaments were visualized by fluorescence labelling of PilA1. The cell showed directional movement towards the left side at 45°C. Area 26.0 × 19.5 μm.
Surface attachment of the T4P filaments was visualized by fluorescence labelling of PilA1 under TIRF illumination at 45°C. Area 39.0 × 29.3 μm.
Surface attachment of the T4P filaments was visualized by fluorescence labelling of PilA1 under TIRF illumination. The cell showed directional movement towards the left side at 45°C. Area 26.0 × …
Name | Sequence (5′–3′) | Purpose |
---|---|---|
pUC19-5R_tvsesA | ATGATACGCGGGTGATTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆sesA |
pUC19-6F_tvsesA | GTGGCAAAACCACCTTTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvsesA-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAATCACCCGCGTATCATTG | |
tvsesA-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCATCAATCCCCGAAACTGC | |
Cm-3F_tvsesA | AGTTTCGGGGATTGATGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-4R_tvsesA | ATGGGTGATATTGGCTTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvsesA-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAAGCCAATATCACCCATGC | |
tvsesA-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAAAGGTGGTTTTGCCACAG | |
pUC19-7R_tvsesB | TCAGGGGAGTCCAAAATACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆sesB |
pUC19-8F_tvsesB | ACGGATTGCCATTGGTTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvsesB-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTATTTTGGACTCCCCTGATG | |
tvsesB-2R_Km | AGCAGGGGAATTGTTACACAGACTCTTCTGTGAC | |
Km-5F_tvsesB | CACAGAAGAGTCTGTGTAACAATTCCCCTGCTCG | |
Km-6R_tvsesB | GTTCAAGGTCCTCTTGCCAACCTTTCATAGAAGGC | |
tvsesB-3F_Km | TTCTATGAAAGGTTGGCAAGAGGACCTTGAACTG | |
tvsesB-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAACCAATGGCAATCCGTAG | |
pUC19-21R_tvcikA | AGATGCGATTGTCCATTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆cikA |
pUC19-22F_tvcikA | TTCATTGGGCTTACAGTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvcikA-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAATGGACAATCGCATCTGC | |
tvcikA-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCGCTGATAGCTACTGCTAG | |
Cm-18F_tvcikA | AGCAGTAGCTATCAGCGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-19R_tvcikA | AGATATTCCCGCTGTTTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvcikA-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAAACAGCGGGAATATCTGG | |
tvcikA-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCACTGTAAGCCCAATGAACC | |
pUC19-19R_tvpixD | GTTACCATTCGCAAGTTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆pixD |
pUC19-20F_tvpixD | GCTAGTCCTGAACCAATGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvpixD-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAACTTGCGAATGGTAACCG | |
tvpixD-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCAATCAGGCGATGTAGTCC | |
Cm-15F_tvpixD | ACTACATCGCCTGATTGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-16R_tvpixD | CAGCATTCCCGTAATGTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvpixD-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAACATTACGGGAATGCTGTG | |
tvpixD-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCATTGGTTCAGGACTAGCTG | |
pUC19-23R_tvtll1282 | TTTGGCATCTTCAAGGTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆LOV |
pUC19-24F_tvtll1282 | TGAGCAAAGGGATCATTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvtll1282-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCTTGAAGATGCCAAAGC | |
tvtll1282-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCAGCATAGCGTTCCATCTC | |
Cm-20F_tvtll1282 | GATGGAACGCTATGCTGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-21R_tvtll1282 | AATAGGCTCAGGACATTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvtll1282-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAATGTCCTGAGCCTATTGG | |
tvtll1282-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAATGATCCCTTTGCTCAGC | |
pUC19-25R_tvHCP | TGAACTTTGCCCTTGTTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆OCP |
pUC19-26F_tvCTDH | GATAGGGAGATTGCATTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvHCP-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAACAAGGGCAAAGTTCAGC | |
tvHCP-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCGCTCATCAAAACTGAGGG | |
Cm-22F_tvHCP | CTCAGTTTTGATGAGCGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-23R_tvCTDH | TCTTCAAAGGGTGGATTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvCTDH-1F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAATCCACCCTTTGAAGAGC | |
tvCTDH-2R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAATGCAATCTCCCTATCCG | |
pUC19-15R_tvpilB | CAGTTGAATCTGGGTTTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆pilB |
pUC19-16F_tvpilB | ACAGGTTTTGGAGGTCTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvpilB-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAAACCCAGATTCAACTGGG | |
tvpilB-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCTTGTGGTACTGGCGTAAC | |
Cm-11F_tvpilB | TACGCCAGTACCACAAGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-12R_tvpilB | AGATCTTGAAGCGGGATTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvpilB-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAATCCCGCTTCAAGATCTTG | |
tvpilB-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAGACCTCCAAAACCTGTAC | |
pUC19-17R_tvpilT1 | TTTTTGCCAGCACCTTTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆pilT1 |
pUC19-18F_tvpilT1 | TCTTGGCTGGCTTGATTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvpilT1-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAAAGGTGCTGGCAAAAAGC | |
tvpilT1-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCAAGTCTGAACCACCGTTG | |
Cm-13F_tvpilT1 | ACGGTGGTTCAGACTTGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-14R_tvpilT1 | TGGCAAGCTGAATCGTTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvpilT1-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAACGATTCAGCTTGCCATC | |
tvpilT1-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAATCAAGCCAGCCAAGAAG | |
pUC19-11R_tvpilA1 | CTATTCTCTTTGCAGGTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆pilA1 |
pUC19-12F_tvpilA1 | TGGTTTGGTGCCAGTATGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvpilA1-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCTGCAAAGAGAATAGCG | |
tvpilA1-7R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCAGTTGCCGTCTGCTACAG | |
Cm-32F_tvpilA1 | GTAGCAGACGGCAACTGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-6R_tvpilA1 | GCAGTTGCACTATTGCTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvpilA1-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAGCAATAGTGCAACTGCTC | |
tvpilA1-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCATACTGGCACCAAACCATG | |
pUC19-13R_tvHfq | CAGCGGGATGTGAATATACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | ∆hfq |
pUC19-14F_tvHfq | AAATGCGGCTTTCCTATGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvHfq-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTATATTCACATCCCGCTGTG | |
tvHfq-2R_Cm | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCTACTTGGCGAATGCTAGG | |
Cm-9F_tvHfq | TAGCATTCGCCAAGTAGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-10R_tvHfq | ACCTCGGTGCTATCTTTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
tvHfq-3F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAAAGATAGCACCGAGGTTG | |
tvHfq-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCATAGGAAAGCCGCATTTGC | |
pUC19-43R_tvtll1859 | ATCCATCGAACAAGCCTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | tll1859toN |
pUC19-44F_tvtll1859 | GTCCCGTTCATTGATGTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | |
tvtll1859-1F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAGGCTTGTTCGATGGATTG | |
tvtll1859-2R_Kmv2 | cctgagtgcttgcggcTTTCTAGGGGGTGTGAATC | |
Km-21F_tvtll1859 | TCACACCCCCTAGAAAgccgcaagcactcagg | |
Km-22R_tvtll1859 | TTGCAACACAGTTGTCcctttcatagaaggcggc | |
tvtll1859-3F_Kmv2 | cgccttctatgaaaggGACAACTGTGTTGCAAACC | |
tvtll1859-4R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCACATCAATGAACGGGACTG | |
pUC19-67F_tvpilA1 | gattggtttcaggcaaTGCAAGCTTGGCGTAATC | PilA1S114C |
pUC19-68R_tvPilA1 | aacgatagggagacatTACCGAGCTCGAATTCAC | |
tvPilA1-8F_pUC19 | GAATTCGAGCTCGGTAatgtctccctatcgttctag | |
TvPilA1-9R_CmR | TTCTATCAGCTGTCCCttaagaacagttaggagcag | |
Cm-44F_TvPilA1 | tcctaactgttcttaaGGGACAGCTGATAGAAAC | |
Cm-45R_TvPilA1 | gttaattcctaaggtcTTTATCAGGCTCTGGGAG | |
TvPilA1-10F_Cm | CCCAGAGCCTGATAAAgaccttaggaattaacagag | |
TvPilA1-11R_pUC19 | TTACGCCAAGCTTGCAttgcctgaaaccaatcgg | |
tvPilA1(S114C)–1F | caaacaTGCgctaatgatccccaaggg | |
tvPilA1(S114C)–2R | attagcGCAtgtttgaacataagcatcattc |
Name | Description | Reference/source |
---|---|---|
pUC19-∆tvsesA_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of sesA gene (NIES2134_109940) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of sesA, resulting in ~2000 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvsesB_Km | pUC19-based construct for knockout of sesB gene (NIES2134_119260) containing a kanamycin resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of sesB, resulting in ~2000 bp deletion within ORF; KmR, AmpR | This study |
pS-∆tlr0911_Sp(F) | pCR-Script-based construct for knockout of sesC gene (NIES2134_110090) containing a spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance cassette flanked by ~1500 bp regions upstream and downstream of sesC, resulting in ~3400 bp deletion within ORF; SpR/SmR, AmpR | Enomoto et al., 2015 |
pUC19-∆tvcikA_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of cikA gene (NIES2134_110210) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of cikA, resulting in ~500 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvpixD_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of pixD gene (NIES2134_124540) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of pixD, resulting in ~100 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvtll1282_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of LOV gene (tll1282; NIES2134_112750) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of cikA, resulting in ~2000 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvHCPCTDH_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of OCP genes (HCP; NIES2134_112880 and CTDH; NIES2134_112890) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of OCP, resulting in the deletion of the latter half of HCP ORF, the intergenic region, and the first half of CTDH ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvpilB_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of pilB gene (NIES2134_124120) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of pilB, resulting in ~600 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvpilT1_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of pilT1 gene (NIES2134_124130) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of pilT1, resulting in ~600 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvpilA1_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of pilA1 gene (NIES2134_108920) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of pilA1, resulting in ~550 bp deletion within ORF and the promoter region; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-∆tvHfq_Cm | pUC19-based construct for knockout of hfq gene (NIES2134_124130) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of hfq, resulting in ~10 bp deletion within ORF; CmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-tvtll1859toN_Kmv2 | pUC19-based construct for introduction of the frameshift mutation present in WT_N within tll1859 gene (NIES2134_117830) containing a kanamycin resistance cassette inserted after tll1859 ORF, flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of tll1859 gene without any nucleotide deletion; KmR, AmpR | This study |
pUC19-tvpilA1(S114C)_Cm | pUC19-based construct for Cys knockin in pilA1 gene (NIES2134_108920) containing a chloramphenicol resistance cassette inserted after pilA1 ORF, flanked by ~2500 bp regions upstream and downstream of pilA1 without any nucleotide deletion; CmR, AmpR | This study |
Name | Description | Reference/source |
---|---|---|
Thermosynechococcus vulcanus WT | Isolated as wild type showing positive phototaxis towards moderate white light from NIES-2134 | Whole genome: AP018202 |
Thermosynechococcus vulcanus WT_N | Isolated showing negative phototaxis towards moderate white light from NIES-2134 | Seq reads in DDBJ: DRA013349 |
∆sesA | sesA knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆sesB | sesB knockout mutant (KmR) | This study |
∆sesC | sesC knockout mutant (SpR/SmR) | Enomoto et al., 2015 |
∆cikA | cikA knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆pixD | pixD knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆LOV | LOV knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆OCP | OCP knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆pilB | pilB knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆pilT1 | pilT1 knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆pilA1 | pilA1 knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
∆hfq | hfq knockout mutant (CmR) | This study |
tll1859toN | tll1859 frameshift mutant (KmR) | This study |
PilA1S114C | pilA1 Cys knockin mutant (CmR) | This study |