Body mass index and childhood symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A within-family Mendelian randomization study
Figures
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:74320%2Felife-74320-fig1-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Bias in Mendelian randomization studies which do not account for parental genotype.
Figure 1 is reproduced from Figure 1; Morris et al., 2020. Population stratification due to ancestral differences (yellow lines), dynastic effects (red lines), and assortative mating (green line). In within-family Mendelian randomization, parental genotype is controlled for, so effect estimates for the influence of child’s genotype on child phenotypes are unbiased by these processes.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:74320%2Felife-74320-fig2-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
BMI and child’s depressive, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms, using a polygenic score for adult BMI (N=40,949 trios).
Coefficients represent standard-deviation change in outcomes per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, shown with 95% confidence intervals.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:74320%2Felife-74320-fig3-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
BMI and child’s depressive, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms, using a polygenic score for childhood body size (N=40,949 trios).
Coefficients represent standard-deviation change in outcomes per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, shown with 95% confidence intervals.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:74320%2Felife-74320-app1-fig1-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Flow chart of inclusion and exclusion of MoBa participants into the study sample.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:74320%2Felife-74320-app1-fig2-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Associations of child’s BMI polygenic scores with ancestry.
Associations of the child’s polygenic scores for BMI and the child’s principal components of ancestry, adjusted for the child’s genotyping centre and chip.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:74320%2Felife-74320-app1-fig3-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Associations of child’s BMI polygenic scores with ancestry, adjusted for parental polygenic scores.
Associations of the child’s polygenic scores for BMI and the child’s principal components of ancestry, adjusted for the child’s genotyping centre and chip and the parents’ polygenic scores.
Tables
Descriptive characteristics of analytic sample (N=40,949)*.
Continuous variables | mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal age at child’s birth (years) | 30.2 | 4.4 | |
Paternal age at birth (years) | 32.6 | 5.1 | |
Maternal depressive/anxiety symptoms, Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (SCL-25)† | 1.2 | 1.9 | |
Paternal depressive/anxiety symptoms, Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (SCL-25) ‡ | 1.1 | 2.1 | |
Maternal ADHD symptoms: adult ADHD self-report scale § | 6.7 | 3.4 | |
Paternal ADHD symptoms: adult ADHD self-report scale ¶ | 8.3 | 3.1 | |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 | 4.1 | |
Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 | 3.2 | |
Child’s BMI at age 8 (kg/m2) | 16.3 | 2.0 | |
Child depressive symptoms age 8: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ)** | 1.9 | 2.5 | |
Child anxiety symptoms age 8: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)†† | 1.0 | 1.2 | |
Child ADHD symptoms age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD) ‡ ‡ | 8.6 | 7.2 | |
Child ADHD symptoms (inattention) age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD) § § | 5.0 | 4.1 | |
Child ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity) age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)§ § | 3.6 | 3.9 | |
Categorical variables | Category | % | |
Child’s sex | Male | 51.1 | |
Female | 48.9 | ||
Maternal educational qualifications | 9 year elementary education | 2.0 | |
Up to 2 years further education | 4.1 | ||
Further education: vocational | 12.2 | ||
Further education: general studies, sixth form | 14.9 | ||
Higher education: college/university, up to 4 years | 42.8 | ||
Higher education: college/university, over 4 years | 24.0 | ||
Paternal educational qualifications | 9 year elementary education | 3.4 | |
Up to 2 years further education | 5.6 | ||
Further education: vocational | 25.1 | ||
Further education: general studies, sixth form | 12.9 | ||
Higher education: college/university, up to 4 years | 28.4 | ||
Higher education: college/university, over 4 years | 24.4 | ||
Maternal parity at child’s birth | 0 | 46.8 | |
1 | 35.7 | ||
2 | 14.0 | ||
3+ | 2.7 | ||
4+ | 0.7 | ||
Mother’s marital status at birth | Married/registered partner | 97.4 | |
single | 2.6 | ||
Mother’s smoking status during pregnancy | never | 51.0 | |
Stopped before week 17 | 42.0 | ||
Currently, sometimes | 2.4 | ||
Currently, daily | 4.5 |
-
*
The reasons for exclusions and numbers in each case are shown in Appendix 1—figure 1. Missing data in BMI, outcomes and covariates was imputed using multiple imputation by chained equations. Descriptive statistics for the unimputed data are shown in Appendix 1.
-
†
Based on 5 items. Possible range: 0–15.
-
‡
Based on 8 items. Possible range: 0–24.
-
§
Possible range: 0–24.
-
¶
Possible range: 0–24.
-
**
Possible range: 0-26.
-
††
Possible range: 0–10.
-
‡ ‡
Possible range: 0–54.
-
§ §
Possible range: 0–27.
Descriptive statistics of full MoBa sample (N=113,691)*.
Continuous variables | mean | SD | N obs | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age at birth | 30.1 | 4.6 | 113,691 | |
Paternal age at birth | 32.7 | 5.5 | 113,172 | |
Maternal depressive/anxiety symptoms, based on 5 items from the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (SCL-25)† | 1.3 | 2.0 | 100,570 | |
Paternal depressive/anxiety symptoms, based on 8 items from the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (SCL-25)‡ | 1.2 | 2.1 | 77,018 | |
Maternal ADHD symptoms: adult ADHD self-report scale§ | 6.6 | 3.5 | 56,255 | |
Paternal ADHD symptoms: adult ADHD self-report scale¶ | 8.2 | 3.2 | 34,425 | |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 | 4.1 | 100,060 | |
Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 | 3.3 | 79,536 | |
Child’s BMI at age 8 (kg/m2) | 16.2 | 2.0 | 36,894 | |
Child depressive symptoms age 8: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ)** | 1.9 | 2.4 | 43,065 | |
Child anxiety symptoms age 8: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)†† | 1.0 | 1.2 | 43,298 | |
Child ADHD symptoms age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)‡ ‡ | 8.5 | 7.2 | 43,238 | |
Child ADHD symptoms (inattention) age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)§ § | 5.0 | 4.1 | 43,194 | |
Child ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity) age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)§ § | 3.6 | 3.9 | 43,177 | |
Categorical variables | Category | % | N obs | |
Child’s sex | male | 51.3 | 113,477 | |
female | 48.7 | |||
maternal educational qualifications | 9 year elementary education | 2.8 | 101,020 | |
Up to 2 years further education | 5.2 | |||
Further education: vocational | 12.8 | |||
Further education: general studies, sixth form | 15.7 | |||
Higher education: college/university, up to 4 years | 40.9 | |||
Higher education: college/university, over 4 years | 22.6 | |||
paternal educational qualifications | 9 year elementary education | 4.8 | 100,891 | |
Up to 2 years further education | 6.6 | |||
Further education: vocational | 26.2 | |||
Further education: general studies, sixth form | 13.2 | |||
Higher education: college/university, up to 4 years | 26.5 | |||
Higher education: college/university, over 4 years | 22.7 | |||
maternal parity at child’s birth | 0 | 44.0 | 113,691 | |
1 | 35.9 | |||
2 | 15.6 | |||
3 | 3.4 | |||
4+ | 1.1 | |||
Mother’s marital status at birth | Married/registered partner | 95.5 | 113,691 | |
single | 4.5 | |||
Mother’s smoked during pregnancy | never | 49.9 | 101,373 | |
Stopped before week 17 | 41.7 | |||
Currently, sometimes | 2.8 | |||
Currently, daily | 5.6 |
-
*
All participants in the birth registry file who had not withdrawn consent.
-
†
Possible range: 0–15.
-
‡
Possible range: 0–24.
-
§
Possible range: 0–24.
-
¶
Possible range: 0–24.
-
**
Possible range: 0-26.
-
††
Possible range: 0-10.
-
‡ ‡
Possible range: 0–54.
-
§ §
Possible range: 0–27.
Descriptive statistics of analytic sample (N=40,949)*, unimputed data.
Continuous variables | mean | SD | N obs | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age at birth | 30.2 | 4.4 | 40,949 | |
Paternal age at birth | 32.6 | 5.1 | 40,945 | |
Maternal depressive/anxiety symptoms, based on 5 items from the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (SCL-25)† | 1.2 | 1.9 | 39,647 | |
Paternal depressive/anxiety symptoms, based on 8 items from the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (SCL-25)‡ | 1.1 | 2.1 | 38,050 | |
Maternal ADHD symptoms: adult ADHD self-report scale§ | 6.5 | 3.4 | 24,192 | |
Paternal ADHD symptoms: adult ADHD self-report scale¶ | 8.2 | 3.1 | 16,348 | |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 | 4.1 | 39,323 | |
Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 | 3.2 | 39,405 | |
Child’s BMI at age 8 (kg/m2) | 16.2 | 2.0 | 16,144 | |
Child depressive symptoms age 8: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ)** | 1.8 | 2.4 | 18,747 | |
Child anxiety symptoms age 8: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)†† | 1.0 | 1.2 | 18,834 | |
Child ADHD symptoms age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)‡ ‡ | 8.4 | 7.1 | 18,813 | |
Child ADHD symptoms (inattention) age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)§ § | 4.9 | 4.0 | 18,794 | |
Child ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity) age 8: Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (RS-DBD)§ § | 3.5 | 3.8 | 18,787 | |
Categorical variables | Category | % | N obs | |
Child’s sex | male | 51.0 | 40,949 | |
female | 48.9 | |||
maternal educational qualifications | 9 year elementary education | 2.0 | 39,569 | |
Up to 2 years further education | 4.1 | |||
Further education: vocational | 12.1 | |||
Further education: general studies, sixth form | 14.9 | |||
Higher education: college/university, up to 4 years | 42.8 | |||
Higher education: college/university, over 4 years | 24.8 | |||
paternal educational qualifications | 9 year elementary education | 3.4 | 40,062 | |
Up to 2 years further education | 5.6 | |||
Further education: vocational | 25.1 | |||
Further education: general studies, sixth form | 12.9 | |||
Higher education: college/university, up to 4 years | 28.5 | |||
Higher education: college/university, over 4 years | 24.4 | |||
maternal parity at child’s birth | 0 | 46.8 | 40,949 | |
1 | 35.7 | |||
2 | 14.0 | |||
3 | 2.7 | |||
4+ | 0.7 | |||
Mother’s marital status at birth | Married/registered partner | 97.4 | 40,949 | |
single | 2.6 | |||
Mother’s smoked during pregnancy | never | 51.1 | 40,118 | |
Stopped before week 17 | 42.0 | |||
Currently, sometimes | 2.4 | |||
Currently, daily | 4.5 |
-
*
The reasons for exclusions and numbers in each case are shown in Appendix 1—figure 1.
-
†
Possible range: 0–15.
-
‡
Possible range: 0–24.
-
§
Possible range: 0–24.
-
¶
Possible range: 0–24.
-
**
Possible range: 0-26.
-
††
Possible range: 0–10.
-
‡ ‡
Possible range: 0–54.
-
§ §
Possible range: 0–27.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, adult BMI PGS (N=40,949)*.
Non-genetic estimate† | MR estimate ‡ | Within-families MR estimate ‡ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ§ score | Child BMI | 0.05 | 0.01,0.09 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.26,0.64 | <0.001 | 0.26 | –0.01,0.52 | 0.06 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.05 | 0.03,0.07 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.02,0.19 | 0.01 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.02,0.03 | 0.67 | 0.02 | –0.09,0.13 | 0.71 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED¶ score | Child BMI | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | 0.001 | –0.06 | –0.25,0.12 | 0.51 | 0.01 | –0.25,0.26 | 0.96 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.03 | 0.47 | –0.03 | –0.11,0.05 | 0.49 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.02,0.02 | 0.89 | –0.02 | –0.13,0.09 | 0.72 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, ADHD items | Child BMI | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | 0.001 | 0.35 | 0.17,0.53 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.09,0.63 | 0.009 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.04 | 0.02,0.06 | <0.001 | 0.00 | –0.08,0.09 | 0.97 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.04 | 0.10 | –0.01 | –0.12,0.09 | 0.80 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, inattention items | Child BMI | –0.06 | −0.10,–0.02 | 0.006 | 0.32 | 0.14,0.49 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.12,0.65 | 0.005 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.05 | 0.03,0.07 | <0.001 | 0.01 | –0.08,0.09 | 0.86 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.05 | 0.06 | –0.06 | –0.17,0.04 | 0.24 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | –0.06 | −0.10,–0.02 | 0.002 | 0.31 | 0.13,0.49 | 0.001 | 0.27 | –0.00,0.54 | 0.05 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | 0.01,0.05 | 0.005 | –0.00 | –0.09,0.08 | 0.92 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.04 | 0.32 | 0.04 | –0.07,0.15 | 0.47 |
-
*
Coefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Phenotypic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Genetic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
§
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
¶
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
**
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, childhood body size PGS (N=40,949)*.
Non-genetic estimate† | MR estimate ‡ | Within-families MR estimate ‡ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ§ score | Child BMI | 0.05 | 0.01,0.09 | 0.02 | 0.08 | –0.07,0.22 | 0.29 | 0.02 | –0.20,0.23 | 0.88 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.05 | 0.03,0.07 | <0.001 | 0.02 | –0.09,0.14 | 0.67 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.02,0.03 | 0.67 | 0.05 | –0.10,0.19 | 0.51 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED¶ score | Child BMI | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | 0.001 | –0.04 | –0.18,0.11 | 0.62 | 0.02 | –0.18,0.23 | 0.83 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.03 | 0.47 | –0.02 | –0.12,0.09 | 0.78 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.02,0.02 | 0.89 | –0.06 | –0.19,0.08 | 0.42 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, ADHD items | Child BMI | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | 0.001 | –0.07 | –0.21,0.07 | 0.35 | –0.03 | –0.22,0.17 | 0.80 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.04 | 0.02,0.06 | <0.001 | –0.03 | –0.12,0.07 | 0.62 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.04 | 0.10 | –0.02 | –0.15,0.11 | 0.77 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, inattention items | Child BMI | –0.06 | −0.10,–0.02 | 0.006 | –0.04 | –0.18,0.11 | 0.63 | –0.05 | –0.25,0.14 | 0.59 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.05 | 0.03,0.07 | <0.001 | 0.03 | –0.07,0.13 | 0.61 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.05 | 0.06 | –0.01 | –0.14,0.12 | 0.86 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | –0.06 | −0.10,–0.02 | 0.002 | –0.08 | –0.22,0.05 | 0.24 | 0.01 | –0.20,0.22 | 0.95 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | 0.01,0.05 | 0.005 | –0.07 | –0.18,0.03 | 0.18 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.04 | 0.32 | –0.02 | –0.16,0.11 | 0.74 |
-
*
Coefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Phenotypic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Genetic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
§
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
¶
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
**
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders
Associations of phenotypes and polygenic scores within parental pairs*.
Phenotypes: regression of father’s BMI, depressive symptoms, and ADHD symptoms on mother’s phenotypes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Father’s: BMI | Father’s: Depressive symptoms | Father’s: ADHD symptoms | ||
Beta (95% CI), p | Beta (95% CI), p | Beta (95% CI), p | ||
Mother’s: BMI | 0.23 (0.22,0.25) p<0.001 | 0.01 (-0.00,0.02) p=0.09 | 0.03 (0.02,0.05) p<0.001 | |
Mother’s: Depressive symptoms | 0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.85 | 0.18 (0.16,0.20) p<0.001 | 0.10 (0.09,0.12), P<0.001 | |
Mother’s: ADHD symptoms | 0.01 (-0.02,0.01) p=0.32 | 0.05 (0.05,0.06) p<0.001 | 0.11 (0.09,0.13) p<0.001 | |
Polygenic scores: regression of father’s PGS for BMI, depression, and ADHD: regression of father’s PGS on mother’s PGS | ||||
Father’s: Adult BMI PGS | Father’s: Childhood body size PGS | Father’s: Depression PGS | Father’s: ADHD PGS | |
Beta (95% CI), p | Beta (95% CI), p | Beta (95% CI), p | Beta (95% CI) | |
Mother’s: Adult BMI PGS | 0.01 (0.00,0.02), p=0.02 | 0.01 (0.00,0.02), p=0.008 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.62 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.49 |
Mother’s: Childhood body size PGS | 0.01 (-0.00,0.02), p=0.10 | 0.01 (-0.00,0.02), p=0.15 | 0.00 (-0.00,0.01), p=0.33 | 0.01 (0.00,0.02), p=0.03 |
Mother’s: Depression PGS | –0.01 (−0.02–0.00), p=0.11 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.76 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.44 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.47 |
Mother’s: ADHD PGS | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.58 | 0.01 (-0.00,0.02), p=0.24 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.42 | –0.00 (-0.01,0.01), p=0.93 |
-
*
All models adjusted for the first 20 principal components of ancestry, genotyping centre and genotyping chip of the mother and father.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, adult BMI PGS, log-transformed outcomes (N=40,949)*.
Non-genetic estimate† | MR estimate ‡ | Within-families MR estimate ‡ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: log-transformed SMFQ§ score | Child BMI | 0.03 | 0.01,0.06 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.18,0.45 | <0.001 | 0.16 | –0.04,0.35 | 0.12 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.04 | 0.03,0.05 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.02,0.14 | 0.01 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.02 | 0.56 | 0.03 | –0.05,0.10 | 0.52 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: log-transformed SCARED¶ score | Child BMI | –0.03 | −0.05,–0.01 | 0.001 | –0.04 | –0.14,0.05 | 0.38 | –0.00 | –0.14,0.13 | 0.97 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.00 | –0.01,0.01 | 0.60 | –0.02 | –0.06,0.02 | 0.35 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.01,0.01 | 1.00 | –0.01 | –0.06,0.05 | 0.79 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: log-transformed RS-DBD** score | Child BMI | –0.05 | −0.08,–0.02 | 0.002 | 0.27 | 0.13,0.40 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.08,0.49 | 0.006 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | 0.02,0.05 | <0.001 | 0.00 | –0.06,0.07 | 0.90 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.03 | 0.07 | –0.02 | –0.10,0.06 | 0.66 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: log-transformed RS-DBD** score, inattention items | Child BMI | –0.04 | −0.07,–0.01 | 0.007 | 0.22 | 0.09,0.34 | 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.10,0.47 | 0.003 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | 0.02,0.05 | <0.001 | 0.00 | –0.06,0.07 | 0.92 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | 0.00,0.03 | 0.05 | –0.06 | –0.14,0.02 | 0.13 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: log-transformed RS-DBD** score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | –0.05 | −0.08,–0.01 | 0.004 | 0.24 | 0.10,0.39 | 0.001 | 0.18 | –0.04,0.40 | 0.10 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.02 | 0.00,0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | –0.07,0.07 | 1.00 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.03 | 0.25 | 0.05 | –0.04,0.14 | 0.29 |
-
*
Coefficients represent change in symptoms, log-transformed after adding 1, per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Phenotypic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Genetic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
§
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
¶
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
**
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, childhood body size PGS, log-transformed outcomes (N=40,949)*.
Non-genetic estimate† | MR estimate ‡ | Within-families MR estimate ‡ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: log-transformed SMFQ§ score | Child BMI | 0.03 | 0.01,0.06 | 0.02 | 0.07 | –0.04,0.17 | 0.20 | 0.02 | –0.14,0.17 | 0.84 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.04 | 0.03,0.05 | <0.001 | 0.02 | –0.06,0.10 | 0.67 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.02 | 0.56 | 0.05 | –0.06,0.15 | 0.39 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: log-transformed SCARED¶ score | Child BMI | –0.03 | −0.05,–0.01 | 0.001 | –0.03 | –0.10,0.05 | 0.49 | 0.01 | –0.10,0.12 | 0.89 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.00 | –0.01,0.01 | 0.60 | –0.01 | –0.07,0.04 | 0.69 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.01,0.01 | 1.00 | –0.03 | –0.10,0.04 | 0.43 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: log-transformed RS-DBD** score | Child BMI | –0.05 | −0.08,–0.02 | 0.002 | –0.06 | –0.17,0.05 | 0.30 | –0.03 | –0.19,0.13 | 0.70 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | 0.02,0.05 | <0.001 | –0.02 | –0.10,0.06 | 0.68 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.03 | 0.07 | –0.01 | –0.11,0.09 | 0.79 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: log-transformed RS-DBD** score, inattention items | Child BMI | –0.04 | −0.07,–0.01 | 0.007 | –0.03 | –0.14,0.07 | 0.52 | –0.05 | –0.19,0.10 | 0.52 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | 0.02,0.05 | <0.001 | 0.02 | –0.06,0.09 | 0.64 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | 0.00,0.03 | 0.05 | –0.01 | –0.10,0.09 | 0.87 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: log-transformed RS-DBD** score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | –0.05 | −0.08,–0.01 | 0.004 | –0.07 | –0.19,0.04 | 0.21 | –0.00 | –0.18,0.17 | 0.98 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.02 | 0.00,0.04 | 0.01 | –0.06 | –0.15,0.03 | 0.22 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.03 | 0.25 | –0.02 | –0.13,0.09 | 0.73 |
-
*
Coefficients represent change in symptoms, log-transformed after adding 1, per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Phenotypic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Genetic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
§
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
¶
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
**
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
Robustness checks based on SNP-specific associations with child’s BMI* and outcomes: SNPs in adult BMI polygenic score.
Inverse-variance weighted | MR-Egger: slope | MR-Egger: intercept | MR-Median | MR-Modal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For classic MR models | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ† score | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.42 |
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED‡ score | –0.02 | 0.13 | –0.05 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.61 | –0.01 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.40 |
ADHD symptoms (inattention): standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.09 | <0.001 | –0.02 | 0.73 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.01 | –0.02 | 0.81 |
ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity): standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.55 |
Inverse-variance weighted | MR-Egger: slope | MR-Egger: intercept | MR-Median | MR-Modal | ||||||
For within-families MR models | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ† score | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED‡ score | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.76 |
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.24 |
ADHD symptoms (inattention): standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.63 |
ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity): standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.56 |
-
*
In the main analyses, all coefficients are expressed in terms of S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. In robustness checks, SNP-exposure associations were taken directly from the relevant GWAS. Coefficients above for BMI-outcome associations are therefore on the scale of kg/m2.
-
†
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
‡
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
§
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
Robustness checks based on SNP-specific associations with child’s BMI* and outcomes: SNPs in childhood body size polygenic score.
Inverse-variance weighted | MR-Egger: slope | MR-Egger: intercept | MR-Median | MR-Modal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For classic MR models | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ† score | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.05 | 0.52 | 0.04 | 0.67 |
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED‡ score | –0.02 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.66 | –0.02 | 0.74 | –0.01 | 0.95 |
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD§ score | –0.04 | 0.14 | –0.02 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.75 | –0.06 | 0.36 | –0.05 | 0.65 |
ADHD symptoms (inattention): standardized RS-DBD§ score | –0.02 | 0.47 | –0.04 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.81 | –0.08 | 0.28 | –0.08 | 0.42 |
ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity): standardized RS-DBD§ score | –0.05 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.42 | –0.05 | 0.48 | –0.04 | 0.68 |
Inverse-variance weighted | MR-Egger: slope | MR-Egger: intercept | MR-Median | MR-Modal | ||||||
For within-families MR models | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p | Beta | p |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ† score | 0.02 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.79 |
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED‡ score | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.05 | 0.74 |
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD§§ score | –0.02 | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.35 | –0.01 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
ADHD symptoms (inattention): standardized RS-DBD§ score | –0.04 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.41 | –0.04 | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.95 |
ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity): standardized RS-DBD§ score | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.06 | 0.67 |
-
*
In the main analyses, all coefficients are expressed in terms of S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. In robustness checks, SNP-exposure associations were taken directly from the relevant GWAS. Coefficients above for BMI-outcome associations are therefore on the scale of kg/m2.
-
†
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
‡
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
§
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, adult BMI PGS, complete-case analysis*.
Non-genetic estimate† | MR estimate ‡ | Within-families MR estimate ‡ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ § score. N=5,158 | Child BMI | 0.08 | 0.00,0.15 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.00,0.77 | 0.05 | 0.16 | –0.35,0.66 | 0.55 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.07 | 0.03,0.11 | <0.001 | 0.10 | –0.06,0.26 | 0.21 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.04,0.05 | 0.79 | 0.04 | –0.15,0.23 | 0.66 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED ¶ score. N=5,177 | Child BMI | –0.04 | –0.12,0.03 | 0.26 | –0.15 | –0.54,0.24 | 0.45 | –0.07 | –0.62,0.48 | 0.80 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.02,0.06 | 0.26 | 0.06 | –0.11,0.22 | 0.48 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.04,0.05 | 0.69 | –0.13 | –0.34,0.08 | 0.24 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** ¶score, ADHD items. N=5,174 | Child BMI | –0.03 | –0.11,0.04 | 0.38 | 0.41 | –0.00,0.83 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.01,1.08 | 0.04 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.09 | 0.05,0.12 | <0.001 | –0.01 | –0.16,0.15 | 0.93 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.01 | –0.05,0.03 | 0.60 | –0.09 | –0.29,0.12 | 0.41 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, inattention items. N=5,171 | Child BMI | –0.02 | –0.10,0.05 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.04,0.85 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 0.20,1.25 | 0.01 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.09 | 0.05,0.12 | <0.001 | –0.02 | –0.18,0.14 | 0.84 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.05,0.04 | 0.83 | –0.18 | –0.39,0.03 | 0.09 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, hyperactivity items. N=5,167 | Child BMI | –0.04 | –0.11,0.03 | 0.29 | 0.28 | –0.13,0.70 | 0.18 | 0.21 | –0.32,0.75 | 0.43 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.07 | 0.03,0.11 | 0.001 | 0.01 | –0.15,0.17 | 0.87 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.01 | –0.06,0.03 | 0.51 | 0.03 | –0.17,0.24 | 0.75 |
-
*
Coefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Phenotypic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Genetic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
§
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
-
¶
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders
-
**
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, childhood body size PGS, complete-case analysis*.
Non-genetic estimate† | MR estimate‡ | Within-families MR estimate‡ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ§ score N=5,158 | Child BMIa | 0.08 | 0.00,0.15 | 0.05 | 0.13 | –0.15,0.42 | 0.37 | 0.10 | –0.34,0.54 | 0.65 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.07 | 0.03,0.11 | <0.001 | –0.06 | –0.26,0.14 | 0.57 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.04,0.05 | 0.79 | 0.10 | –0.20,0.40 | 0.52 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED¶ score N=5,177 | Child BMI | –0.04 | –0.12,0.03 | 0.26 | –0.03 | –0.32,0.27 | 0.85 | 0.06 | –0.37,0.48 | 0.79 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.02,0.06 | 0.26 | 0.02 | –0.19,0.24 | 0.85 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.04,0.05 | 0.69 | –0.13 | –0.43,0.18 | 0.42 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, ADHD items N=5,174 | Child BMI | –0.03 | –0.11,0.04 | 0.38 | 0.00 | –0.29,0.30 | 0.98 | 0.13 | –0.31,0.56 | 0.57 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.09 | 0.05,0.12 | <0.001 | –0.05 | –0.25,0.15 | 0.61 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.01 | –0.05,0.03 | 0.60 | –0.09 | –0.40,0.22 | 0.56 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, inattention items N=5,171 | Child BMI | –0.02 | –0.10,0.05 | 0.55 | –0.00 | –0.29,0.29 | 0.99 | 0.13 | –0.29,0.55 | 0.55 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.09 | 0.05,0.12 | <0.001 | 0.04 | –0.17,0.24 | 0.72 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.05,0.04 | 0.83 | –0.20 | –0.51,0.11 | 0.20 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD** score, hyperactivity items N=5,167 | Child BMI | –0.04 | –0.11,0.03 | 0.29 | 0.00 | –0.30,0.30 | 0.99 | 0.10 | –0.35,0.55 | 0.67 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.07 | 0.03,0.11 | 0.001 | –0.14 | –0.34,0.06 | 0.18 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.01 | –0.06,0.03 | 0.51 | 0.03 | –0.28,0.34 | 0.84 |
-
*
Coefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Phenotypic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Genetic models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
§
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
¶
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
**
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
Multivariable-adjusted associations* of BMI quintiles with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa.
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ† score | Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED ‡ score | ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD § score, ADHD items | ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD § score, inattention items | ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD § score, hyperactivity items | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI quintile | Beta ¶ (95% CI) | p | Beta ¶ (95% CI) | p | Beta ¶ (95% CI) | p | Beta ¶ (95% CI) | p | Beta ¶ (95% CI) | p |
1 | 0.00 (-0.04,0.04) | 0.99 | 0.04 (0.00,0.09) | 0.04 | 0.05 (0.01,0.09) | 0.01 | 0.05 (0.01,0.09) | 0.02 | 0.04 (-0.00,0.08) | 0.05 |
2 | –0.01 (-0.05,0.03) | 0.70 | 0.02 (-0.03,0.06) | 0.47 | 0.02 (-0.02,0.06) | 0.29 | 0.02 (-0.02,0.06) | 0.38 | 0.02 (-0.02,0.06) | 0.30 |
3 (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
4 | 0.01 (-0.03,0.05) | 0.62 | –0.03 (-0.07,0.01) | 0.16 | –0.01 (-0.04,0.03) | 0.66 | –0.01 (-0.05,0.02) | 0.54 | –0.00 (-0.04,0.03) | 0.87 |
5 | 0.04 (0.00,0.08) | 0.03 | –0.03 (-0.07,0.01) | 0.09 | –0.02 (-0.06,0.02) | 0.27 | –0.01 (-0.05,0.03) | 0.51 | –0.03 (-0.06,0.01) | 0.20 |
-
*
Models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year, the mother’s parity at the child’s birth, and the mother’s and father’s: educational qualifications, depressive/anxiety and ADHD symptoms, and smoking status during pregnancy. They also adjust for the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
†
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
‡
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
§
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
-
¶
Coefficients represent S.D. difference in symptoms between quintiles of child’s BMI.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, adult BMI PGS, genetic models adjusted for parental education (N=40,949)*.
MR estimate† | Within-families MR estimate† | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ‡ score | Child BMI | 0.38 | 0.19,0.58 | <0.001 | 0.26 | –0.01,0.53 | 0.06 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.09 | –0.00,0.17 | 0.05 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.11,0.11 | 0.97 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED§ score | Child BMI | –0.08 | –0.26,0.11 | 0.43 | 0.01 | –0.25,0.27 | 0.95 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.04 | –0.12,0.05 | 0.40 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.03 | –0.14,0.08 | 0.64 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD ¶ score, ADHD items | Child BMI | 0.27 | 0.09,0.45 | 0.003 | 0.37 | 0.10,0.64 | 0.007 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.03 | –0.12,0.06 | 0.52 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.05 | –0.16,0.06 | 0.37 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD¶ score, inattention items | Child BMI | 0.25 | 0.07,0.42 | 0.007 | 0.39 | 0.13,0.66 | 0.004 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.02 | –0.11,0.07 | 0.64 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.10 | –0.21,0.01 | 0.08 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD¶ score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | 0.24 | 0.06,0.42 | 0.009 | 0.27 | 0.00,0.55 | 0.05 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.03 | –0.12,0.06 | 0.49 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.10,0.12 | 0.85 |
-
*
Coefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
§
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
¶
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, childhood body size PGS, genetic models adjusted for parental education (N=40,949)*.
MR estimate† | Within-families MR estimate† | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | Beta (per 5 kg/m2) | CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms: standardized SMFQ‡ score | Child BMI | 0.07 | –0.07,0.22 | 0.33 | 0.01 | –0.20,0.23 | 0.90 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.10,0.13 | 0.76 | ||||
Father’s BMI | 0.05 | –0.09,0.20 | 0.48 | ||||
Anxiety symptoms: standardized SCARED§ score | Child BMI | –0.03 | –0.18,0.11 | 0.65 | 0.03 | –0.18,0.23 | 0.81 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.02 | –0.13,0.09 | 0.76 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.06 | –0.19,0.08 | 0.44 | ||||
ADHD symptoms: standardized RS-DBD ¶ score, ADHD items | Child BMI | –0.08 | –0.22,0.06 | 0.27 | –0.03 | –0.23,0.16 | 0.75 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.03 | –0.13,0.07 | 0.50 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.02 | –0.15,0.11 | 0.79 | ||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: standardized RS-DBD¶ score, inattention items | Child BMI | –0.05 | –0.20,0.10 | 0.52 | –0.06 | –0.25,0.14 | 0.57 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.08,0.12 | 0.74 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.01 | –0.14,0.12 | 0.87 | ||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: standardized RS-DBD¶ score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | –0.10 | –0.23,0.04 | 0.18 | –0.00 | –0.21,0.21 | 1.00 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.08 | –0.19,0.03 | 0.15 | ||||
Father’s BMI | –0.02 | –0.15,0.12 | 0.77 |
-
*
Coefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
-
†
Models adjust for the child’s sex and birth year and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry.
-
‡
Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
-
§
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders.
-
¶
Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders.
BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 in MoBa, using adult and childhood body size PGS with a p-value threshold of 1.
Adult BMI PGS, p-value threshold of 1a | Childhood body size PGS, p-value threshold of 1a | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MR estimateb | Within-families MR estimateb | MR estimateb | Within-families MR estimateb | ||||||||||
Beta | CI | p | Beta | CI | p | Beta | CI | p | Beta | CI | p | ||
Depressive symptoms: SMFQc score | Child BMIa | 0.43 | 0.26,0.60 | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.06,0.57 | 0.02 | 0.1 | –0.05,0.24 | 0.18 | –0.06 | –0.26,0.14 | 0.57 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.04 | –0.03,0.12 | 0.27 | 0.10 | –0.01,0.21 | 0.09 | |||||||
Father’s BMI | 0.03 | –0.07,0.14 | 0.52 | 0.10 | –0.05,0.25 | 0.18 | |||||||
Anxiety symptoms: SCAREDd score | Child BMI | –0.25 | –0.42,0.08 | 0.004 | –0.34 | −0.59,–0.10 | 0.005 | –0.1 | –0.24,0.04 | 0.16 | –0.24 | −0.43,–0.05 | 0.01 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.03 | –0.05,0.10 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.01,0.23 | 0.03 | |||||||
Father’s BMI | 0.04 | –0.06,0.14 | 0.42 | 0.05 | –0.09,0.19 | 0.48 | |||||||
ADHD symptoms: RS-DBDe score | Child BMI | 0.48 | 0.31,0.65 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.43,0.95 | <0.001 | –0.09 | –0.23,0.06 | 0.24 | –0.15 | –0.35,0.05 | 0.15 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.05 | –0.13,0.03 | 0.19 | 0.07 | –0.04,0.18 | 0.24 | |||||||
Father’s BMI | –0.10 | –0.20,0.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | –0.13,0.15 | 0.93 | |||||||
ADHD-inattention symptoms: RS-DBDe score, inattention items | Child BMI | 0.44 | 0.26,0.61 | <0.001 | 0.65 | 0.39,0.92 | <0.001 | –0.07 | –0.21,0.08 | 0.37 | –0.15 | –0.35,0.05 | 0.15 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.06 | –0.14,0.02 | 0.13 | 0.10 | –0.01,0.21 | 0.09 | |||||||
Father’s BMI | –0.09 | –0.19,0.01 | 0.08 | –0.01 | –0.15,0.14 | 0.93 | |||||||
ADHD-hyperactivity symptoms: RS-DBDe score, hyperactivity items | Child BMI | 0.42 | 0.25,0.60 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.32,0.85 | <0.001 | –0.09 | –0.24,0.06 | 0.24 | –0.12 | –0.33,0.08 | 0.25 |
Mother’s BMI | –0.03 | –0.11,0.05 | 0.42 | 0.02 | –0.09,0.13 | 0.70 | |||||||
Father’s BMI | –0.08 | –0.19,0.02 | 0.12 | 0.02 | –0.12,0.16 | 0.80 | |||||||
aCoefficients represent change in symptoms, log-transformed after adding 1, per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. bGenetic models adjust for child’s sex, genotyping batch, and the first 20 principal components of ancestry. cShort Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. dScreen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders. eParent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders. |
Non-genetic associations of BMI and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD at age 8 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full adjustmentb | Less adjustmentc | ||||||
Beta | CI | p | Beta | CI | p | ||
Depressive symptoms: SMFQd score | Child BMIa | 0.05 | 0.01,0.09 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01,0.09 | 0.02 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.05 | 0.03,0.07 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.03,0.07 | <0.001 | |
Father’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.02,0.03 | 0.67 | 0.01 | –0.02,0.03 | 0.58 | |
Anxiety symptoms: SCAREDe score | Child BMI | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | 0.001 | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | <0.001 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.01 | –0.01,0.03 | 0.47 | 0.01 | –0.01,0.03 | 0.45 | |
Father’s BMI | –0.00 | –0.02,0.02 | 0.89 | –0.00 | –0.02,0.02 | 0.91 | |
ADHD symptoms: RS-DBDf score | Child BMI | –0.07 | −0.11,–0.03 | 0.001 | –0.07 | −0.10,–0.03 | 0.001 |
Mother’s BMI | 0.04 | 0.02,0.06 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.02,0.06 | <0.001 | |
Father’s BMI | 0.02 | –0.00,0.04 | 0.10 | 0.02 | –0.00,0.05 | 0.07 | |
aCoefficients represent S.D. change in symptoms per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. bAdjusted for child’s sex, mother’s and father’s educational qualifications, mother’s and father’s depressive/anxiety symptoms and ADHD symptoms, mother’s and father’s smoking status during pregnancy, and maternal parity, and the child’s, mother’s, and father’s genotyping centre, genotyping chip, and first 20 principal components of ancestry. cAdjusted for the child’s sex, mother’s and father’s educational qualifications, mother’s and father’s depressive/anxiety symptoms and ADHD symptoms, mother’s and father’s smoking status during pregnancy, and maternal parity. dShort Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. eScreen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders. fParent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders |
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
(a) SNPs used in the polygenic score for adult BMI. (b) SNPs used in the polygenic score for childhood body size BMI. (c) SNPs used in the polygenic score for depression. (d) SNPs used in the polygenic score for ADHD.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/74320/elife-74320-supp1-v2.xlsx
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Transparent reporting form
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/74320/elife-74320-transrepform1-v2.pdf
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Reporting standard 1
Strobe checklist.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/74320/elife-74320-repstand1-v2.docx