Input to the model is the stimulus variable x, which codes the stimulus category (sign) and the intensity (absolute value). Type 1 decision-making is controlled by the sensory level. The processing …
Top left legends indicate the values of varied parameters, bottom right legends settings of the respective other parameters. (A) The sensory bias parameter δs horizontally shifts the psychometric …
Early visual processing likely involves nonlinear transformations of stimulus signals, including processes such as contrast gain control nonlinearities or nonlinear transduction. In the toolbox, …
All metacognitive bias parameters and noise parameters affect the relationship between the sensory evidence |y| and confidence, assuming the link function provided in Equation 5. (A) Effect of …
Alternative choices for link functions provided by the ReMeta toolbox describing the relationship between metacognitive evidence and confidence. Note that these link functions do not compute the …
Gray shades indicate areas of true overconfidence according to the generative model. Gray stripes areas indicate additional areas that would be classified as overconfidence in conventional analyses …
Considered noise distributions are either censored, truncated or naturally bounded. In case of censoring, protruding probability mass accumulates at the bounds (depicted as bars with a darker shade; …
Different performance levels were induced by varying the sensory noise of the forward model. Five different levels of metacognitive noise were simulated for a truncated normal noise distribution, …
This simulation mirrors the simulations in Figure 6 but is based on only a single stimulus intensity level for both stimulus categories. While parameter recovery improves for the noisy-readout model …
This simulation mirrors the simulations in Figure 6, while varying settings for other parameters (as indicated in the title for each column). Changed parameters: sensory threshold ϑs, sensory bias δs…
Linear dependency between generative parameters and fitted parameters for the six parameters of the noisy-report and noisy-readout model (σs, , δs, σm, φm, δm). Linear dependency between …
Sensory parameters: sensory noise σs, sensory threshold ϑs, sensory bias δs. Metacognitive parameters: metacognitive noise σm, multiplicative evidence bias φm, additive evidence bias δm.
Note that metacognitive confidence biases are incompatible with a noisy-readout model and hence this combination was omitted. Sensory parameters: sensory noise σs, sensory threshold ϑs, sensory bias …
For simplicity and clarity, this figure shows only slope matrices for intermediate levels of sensory (σs = 0.7) and metacognitive (σm = 0.2) noise, and for 10,000 trials. Sensory parameters: sensory …
For these analyses, the sample size was fixed to 10,000 trials. Sensory parameters: sensory noise σs, sensory threshold ϑs, sensory bias δs. At the metacognitive level the model was specified either …
Sensory parameters: sensory noise σs, sensory threshold ϑs, sensory bias δs. At the metacognitive level the model was specified either with evidence-related (middle row) or confidence-related …
Data were generated for noisy-readout and noisy-report models with different settings for sensory noise (σs) and metacognitive noise (σm). Model recovery was quantified by the frequency/probability …
(A) Posterior probability (choice probability for S+) as a function of normalized signed stimulus intensity. Model-based predictions closely follow the empirical data. Means and standard errors …
Empirical confidence distributions are depicted as gray histograms. Distributions of generative models are depicted as orange line plots for the winning model at the group level …
The applied model was a noisy-report model with a metacognitive noise distribution of the type truncated Gumbel and metacognitive evidence biases Each stimulus category in Shekhar and Rahnev, 2021 …
All distributions are parameterized such that is the mode and σm is the standard deviation of the distribution (the only exception is the Beta distribution, for which σm is a spread parameter …
Noisy-readout | Noisy-report | |
---|---|---|
Censored Normal | ||
Censored Gumbel | ||
Truncated Normal | ||
Truncated Gumbel | ||
Gamma/ Beta | Parameterization: | Parameterization: |
Lognormal | Note: and represent an analytic parameterization such that the lognormal distribution has mode z* and standard deviation σm. See the published code for details. |