The integrated brain network that controls respiration
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Netherlands
Figures
Figure 1
Respiratory muscles and their innervation.
(A) The main driving force for inspiration is delivered by the diaphragm in conjunction with the external intercostal muscles. Other muscles that can enlarge the chest, such as the parasternal …
Figure 2
Brain areas involved in subconscious respiratory control.
(A) The subcortical areas involved in control of respiration were classified according to their main function and plotted at their approximate location on a sagittal projection of the mouse brain. …
Figure 3
Central pattern generators encode the respiratory rhythm.
(A) Connections between the pre-Bötzinger complex that organizes inspiration, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus that relates to the inspiration/expiration switch, the lateral parafacial nucleus that …
Figure 4
Respiratory chemoreception.
(A) Connections between the carotid bodies and the central chemoreceptor areas. (B) Astrocytes are in direct contact with blood vessels and neurons. (C) Chemoreceptor pathways in astrocytes …
Figure 5
The nucleus of the solitary tract and vagal afferents.
Schematic drawings of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in relation to the area postrema (AP) and the fourth ventricle (IV). Dorsal (A) and coronal views at intermediate and caudal levels (B). …
Figure 6
Raphe nuclei and cerebellum.
(A) The caudal raphe consists of the raphe magnus (RMg), the raphe obscurus (Rob) and the raphe pallidus (Rpa). The cerebellum consists of the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar nuclei. (B) …
Figure 7
Main pathways underlying subconscious control of respiration Schematic drawing representing the brain areas most involved in subconscious control of respiration and the main pathways connecting them.
Fat lines indicate relatively strong connections and thin lines moderately strong ones. Sparse connections are not included in this scheme. When an area is marked with ‘CO2’ it contains central …
Figure 8
Pathology.
(A) Based on the location of a lesion or structural abnormality, several types of disordered breathing can be expected. Cheyne-Stokes respiration can result from a bilateral hemispheric or …
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
List of studies demonstrating the existence of monosynaptic projections between areas relevant for subconscious control of respiration.
Connections that were identified as sparse by the authors of these studies are not listed in this table. Note that the list of neurotransmitters involved is not complete. 1 Tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis); 2 Rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus rouxi); 3 Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta); 4 Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis); 5 Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). 5-HT = serotonin, A = anterograde, aa = amino acids, AAV = adeno associated virus, ACh = acetyl choline, BDA = biotinylated dextran amines, Biotinam = biotinamide, CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone, CTb = cholera toxin B subunit, cVRG = caudal part of the ventral respiratory group, DA = dopamine, Degen = degeneration, DTR = dextran-Texas red, DY = diamidino yellow, EB = Evans blue, Exc = excitatory (not specified which neurotransmitter), E-phys = electrophysiology, FB = fast blue, FG = fluorogold, FR = fluoro ruby, GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid, GFP = green fluorescent protein, Glu = glutamate, Gly = glycine, HSV = herpes simplex virus, HRP = horseradish peroxidase, Inh = inhibitory (not specified which neurotransmitter), m = muscle, MDJ = nuclei of the meso-diencephalic junction, n = nucleus or nuclei, NA = noradrenaline / norepinephrine, Nbiotin = neurobiotin, NMB = neuromedin B, NT = neurotransmitter, NTS = nucleus tractus solitarii, Optogen = optogenetic stimulation, OXT = oxytocin, PHA-L = Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, PiCo = post-inspiration complex, PPTg = pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PI = propidium iodide, POMC = pro-opiomelanocortin, Pseudorab = Pseudorabies, R = retrograde, rVRG = rostral part of the ventral respiratory group, term = terminalis, TMR = tetramethylrhodamine, VP = vasopressin, WGA = wheat germ agglutinin. b – Respiratory control areas affected by pathology Summary of brain regions involved in respiratory control and affected by selected diseases or syndromes. An area is listed in this table if a study reported damage to that area in a majority of subjects included in that study. Case studies with a single patient are not included in this table.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/83654/elife-83654-supp1-v1.docx
