Panel A here shows a cladogram of Araneae with lineages under investigation indicated in red. In panel B, representative signal peptide alignments of toxin superfamilies are shown with sequence …
This figure represents the Bayesian phylogeny of Mygalomorphae spider toxin superfamilies, where branches with high (BPP >0.95) and low (BPP <0.95) node supports are shown in thick black and thin …
This zip archive contains sequence alignment used to perform phylogenetic analyses and the Bayesian phylogeny of Mygalomorphae DRP toxin superfamilies.
Phylogenetic relationships of Mygalomorphae spider toxin superfamilies, assessed using Bayesian (BI; panel A) and maximum likelihood (ML; panel B) inferences, are shown in this figure. Node supports …
This figure shows the alignment of signal peptide and propeptide sequences from novel mygalomorph spider toxin superfamilies identified in this study. The signal peptide region is highlighted in …
This figure depicts the 3D homology models of disulfide-rich peptide Mygalomorphae toxin superfamilies. Here, helices are shown in green, β-strands in blue and disulfide bonds in orange. Cysteine …
A scatter plot of scaled principal components, sPC1 and sPC2, for the signal peptide sequences of novel mygalomorph toxin superfamilies identified in this study is shown here. Signal peptide …
This figure represents the Bayesian phylogeny of Araneomorphae spider toxin superfamilies, where branches with high (BPP >0.95) and low (BPP <0.95) node supports are shown in thick black and thin …
This zip archive contains sequence alignment used to perform phylogenetic analyses and the Bayesian phylogeny of Araneomorphae DRP toxin superfamilies.
Phylogenetic relationships of Araneomorphae spider toxin superfamilies, assessed using Bayesian (BI; panel A) and maximum likelihood (ML; panel B) inferences, are shown in this figure. Node supports …
This figure shows the alignment of signal peptide sequences from novel araneomorph toxin superfamilies identified in this study. The signal peptide region is highlighted in green, while the …
3D homology models of disulfide-rich peptide Araneomorphae toxin superfamilies are depicted in this figure. Here, helices are shown in green, β-strands in blue and disulfide bonds in orange. …
Scaled principal components, sPC1 and sPC2, for signal peptide sequences of novel araneomorph toxin superfamilies identified in this study are shown here in the form of a scatter plot. Signal …
This figure depicts the Bayesian phylogeny and alignment of representative sequences of Araneae DRP toxin superfamilies, where branches with high (BPP >0.95) and low (BPP <0.95) node supports are …
This zip archive contains sequence alignment used to perform phylogenetic analyses and the Bayesian phylogeny of Araneae DRP toxin superfamilies.
A list of accession IDs for sequence data utilised in this study has also been provided.
Phylogenetic relationships of Araneae toxin superfamilies built using Bayesian (BI; panel A) and maximum likelihood (ML; panel B) inferences are shown in this figure. Node supports were estimated …
An alignment of mature peptide sequences from mygalomorph and araneomorph spider toxin superfamilies is shown here. Conserved amino acid positions (sequence identity ≥90%) are shaded orange.
This figure shows the distribution of ω values (Y-axis) for araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxin superfamilies (X-axis). The horizontal dotted black line represents neutral evolution (ω=1),…
Molecular evolution of toxin superfamilies.
(a): Positively selected sites detected by the Bayes Empirical Bayes approach implemented in M8; (b): Fast Unconstrained Bayesian AppRoximation (c): Sites detected as experiencing episodic diversifying selection (0.05 significance) by the Mixed Effects Model Evolution (MEME). Sites detected at 0.99 and 0.95 significance are indicated in the parenthesis; (d): number of sites under pervasive diversifying selection at the posterior probability ≥0.9 (FUBAR); (e): Number of sites under pervasive purifying selection at the posterior probability ≥0.9 (FUBAR); ω: mean dN/dS. Biochemical properties evaluated: Equilibrium Const. – ionisation, COOH (pK); Hydropathy (h); Long-range n.b. energy (El); Polarity (p); Total n.b. energy (Et). Structural properties: α−helical tendencies (Pα); β-structure tendencies (Pβ); Average # surrounding residues (Ns); Bulkiness (Bl); Chromatographic index (RF); Coil tendencies (Pc); Compressibility (K°); Helical contact energy (Ca); Mean r.m.s. fluctuation displacement. (F); Molecular volume (Mv); Molecular weight (Mw); Partial specific volume (V°); Polar requirement (Pr); Power to be – C-term. α-helix (αc); Power to be – middle, α-helix (αm); Power to be – N-term., α-helix (αn); Refractive index (µ); Solvent accessible reduct. ratio (Ra); Thermodynamics transfer hydrophobicity (Ht).
This figure highlights the distinct regimes of evolutionary selection pressures acting on defensive and offensive spider venom toxin superfamilies. Positively selected sites detected by PAML (M8) …
This figure depicts distinct toxin scaffold recruitment strategies in (A) spiders and (B) advanced snakes. The Araneae phylogeny highlights the domination of disulfide-rich peptide toxins in spiders …
This figure depicts various hypotheses that explain distinct toxin SF recruitment and diversification in spiders. Scenario 1 depicts genus- or family-specific recruitment of spider toxin SFs in …
List of spider toxin superfamilies.
The table lists spider toxin superfamilies described till date with names conferred upon and their respective mythological references. A list of genera from which the superfamily was identified has also been provided.