1. Epidemiology and Global Health
  2. Immunology and Inflammation

Evaluation of antibody kinetics and durability in healthy individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac): A cross-sectional and cohort study in Zhejiang, China

  1. Hangjie Zhang
  2. Qianhui Hua
  3. Nani Nani Xu
  4. Xinpei Zhang
  5. Bo Chen
  6. Xijun Ma
  7. Jie Hu
  8. Zhongbing Chen
  9. Pengfei Yu
  10. Huijun Lei
  11. Shenyu Wang
  12. Linling Ding
  13. Jian Fu
  14. Yuting Liao
  15. Juan Yang
  16. Jianmin Jiang  Is a corresponding author
  17. Huakun Lv  Is a corresponding author
  1. Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  2. School of Medicine, Ningbo University, China
  3. Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  4. Shangyu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  5. Kaihua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  6. Yuecheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  7. Department of Immunization Program, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  8. Longyou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  9. School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84056
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  1. Hangjie Zhang
  2. Qianhui Hua
  3. Nani Nani Xu
  4. Xinpei Zhang
  5. Bo Chen
  6. Xijun Ma
  7. Jie Hu
  8. Zhongbing Chen
  9. Pengfei Yu
  10. Huijun Lei
  11. Shenyu Wang
  12. Linling Ding
  13. Jian Fu
  14. Yuting Liao
  15. Juan Yang
  16. Jianmin Jiang
  17. Huakun Lv
(2023)
Evaluation of antibody kinetics and durability in healthy individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac): A cross-sectional and cohort study in Zhejiang, China
eLife 12:e84056.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84056
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5 figures, 3 tables and 3 additional files

Figures

Figure 1
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Schedule of sample collection.

(A) Cross-sectional survey: a total of 1067 participants aged 18–59 were enrolled in five counties in Zhejiang, China. The participants had no previous vaccination or were vaccinated with one or two doses of CoronaVac. Venous blood (3–5 ml) was collected on day 0 (V-0, no vaccination), day 14±2 (V1-14d), and day 28±3 (V1-28d) after the first dose, and day 30±3 (V2-1m), day 90±7 (V2-3m), day 180±14 (V2-6m), day 270±14 (V2-9m), and day 365±30 (V2-12m) after the second dose. (B) Prospective cohort study: 90 healthy adults aged 18–80 years in Jiaxing city were recruited and administered 4 µg/0.5 mL of CoronaVac following a 3-shot vaccine schedule 28 days and 6 months apart. Following that, venous blood was collected from recipients at five timepoints: day 0 (Pre-V, before vaccination), day 30±3 (V2-1m), day 90±7 (V2-3m), and day 180±14 (V2-6m) after the second dose, and day 30±3 (V3-1m) after the third dose.

Figure 2
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM levels induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.

(A, B) Dynamic changes in anti-S/ N- (A) and anti-RBD- (B) specific IgM/IgG in serum samples from CoronaVac-vaccinated participants at V-0, V1-14d, V1-28d, V2-1m, V2-3m, V2-6m, V2-9m, and V2-12m. (C) Correlation between levels of anti-S/anti-N- and anti-RBD-specific antibodies in IgM (left) or IgG (right) at V2-1m. Dates are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison. Correlations were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Two-tailed p values were calculated. ns, not significant, * p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Figure 2—source data 1

Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM levels induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-fig2-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 3
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Neutralizing antibodies induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.

(A, B) Dynamic changes in GMT of NAb titer (A) and neutralized fraction (B) in serum samples from CoronaVac-vaccinated participants at V-0, V2-1m, V2-3m, V2-6m, V2-9m, and V2-12m. (C) Correlation among levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgM and IgG, GMT of NAb titer, and neutralized fraction at V2-1m. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison. Correlations were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Two-tailed p values were calculated. ns, not significant, * p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Figure 3—source data 1

Neutralizing antibodies induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-fig3-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 4
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Comparisons of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM levels and neutralizing activity before and after booster immunization.

(A, B) Dynamic changes in anti-S/N IgM and IgG (A), GMT of NAb titer, and neutralized fraction (B) in serum samples from CoronaVac-vaccinated participants at V-0, V2-1m, V2-3m, V2-6m, and V3-1m. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison. Two-tailed P values were calculated. ns, not significant, * p< 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Figure 4—source data 1

Comparisons of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM levels and neutralizing activity before and after booster immunization.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-fig4-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 5
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Antibody responses to Delta and Omicron variants.

Neutralized fraction of Wuhan strain, Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants for CoronaVac primary- and booster-vaccinated participants, as evaluated by pseudovirus-based neutralization test. The paired Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for comparison. Two-tailed p values were calculated. * p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Figure 5—source data 1

Antibody responses to Delta and Omicron variants.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-fig5-data1-v2.xlsx

Tables

Table 1
Baseline characteristics and anti-S/N antibody levels in the cross-sectional study.
V-0N=91V1-14dN=125V1-28dN=91V2-1mN=100V2-3mN=110V2-6mN=160V2-9mN=190V2-12mN=200
Median age (IQR), years38(31,47)39(34,47)38(31,47)40(32,50)41(33,55)41(31,48)41(31,48)41(34,49)
Sex
Male3745374954808575
Female548054515680105125
IgM
Concentration (AU/ml)0.4±0.025.1±1.05.1±0.91.4±0.20.4±0.10.3±0.040.3±0.040.2±0.03
Seropositivity (%)3.357.675.833.03.64.44.72.0
IgG
Concentration (AU/ml)0.6±0.13.7±0.564.3±5.879.7±5.729.4±2.410.5±0.98.9±1.06.8±0.9
Seropositivity (%)0.07.297.897.088.232.522.113.5

  1. Data are n (%) or median (IQR), or mean  ± SEM. The seropositivity rate is when positive concentration of anti-S/N antibody is 10.0 AU/mL (IgG) and ≥1.0 AU/mL (IgM) or more.

Table 1—source data 1

Baseline characteristics and anti-S/N antibody levels in the cross-sectional study.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-table1-data1-v2.xlsx
Table 2
Baseline characteristics for the prospective cohort.
N=90P (%)
Age group (years)
18–442831.1
45–642123.3
65–804145.6
Sex
Male4044.4
Female5055.6
BMI (kg/m2) 
<18.533.3
18.5–23.95763.4
≥243033.3
Chronic conditions
Yes3033.3
No6066.7
Table 2—source data 1

Baseline characteristics for the prospective cohort.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-table2-data1-v2.xlsx
Table 3
The influence of age to GMT and Seropositivity.
Time pointStatisticTotal18–44 years45–64 years≥65 yearsp
Pre-VGMT2.12.22.12.10.908
95% CI2.0–2.21.9–2.41.9–2.42.0–2.3
Seropositivity (%)3.33.64.82.4
V2-1mGMT29.433.236.824.30.019
95% CI23.5–24.225.3–43.424.3–55.720.0–29.5
Seropositivity (%)98.910095.2100
V2-3mGMT15.522.916.011.5<0.01
95% CI13.3–18.017.0–30.912.5–20.59.4–14.2
Seropositivity (%)95.510095.292.7
V2-6mGMT6.610.27.94.4<0.01
95% CI5.4–8.07.0–14.75.1–12.33.5–5.7
Seropositivity (%)57.882.166.735.6
V3-1mGMT168.2217.2152.3148.70.369
95% CI139.7–202.6165.7–287.797.3–238.5110.7–199.7
Seropositivity (%)100.0100100100

  1. The seropositivity rate is when positive NT50 is above 1:4.

  2. GMT, geometric mean titers.

Additional files

Supplementary file 1

Supplementary tables for supplemental instruction.

Table S1 Baseline characteristics for the cross-sectional survey; Table S2 Correspondence of neutralized fraction (%) and serum dilution; Table S3 The influence of sex, BMI, and chronic condition to GMT and Seropositivity.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-supp1-v2.docx
Supplementary file 2

Statistical analysis.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-supp2-v2.docx
MDAR checklist
https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-mdarchecklist1-v2.pdf

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  1. Hangjie Zhang
  2. Qianhui Hua
  3. Nani Nani Xu
  4. Xinpei Zhang
  5. Bo Chen
  6. Xijun Ma
  7. Jie Hu
  8. Zhongbing Chen
  9. Pengfei Yu
  10. Huijun Lei
  11. Shenyu Wang
  12. Linling Ding
  13. Jian Fu
  14. Yuting Liao
  15. Juan Yang
  16. Jianmin Jiang
  17. Huakun Lv
(2023)
Evaluation of antibody kinetics and durability in healthy individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac): A cross-sectional and cohort study in Zhejiang, China
eLife 12:e84056.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84056