Means (solid lines) and standard deviation (shaded areas) of A-P translations in both groups are presented. Dotted colour lines indicate the mean toe-offs for the stable and unstable groups.
Means (solid lines) and standard deviations (shaded areas) of both groups are presented. Dotted lines indicate the mean toe-offs for each group.
In addition, mean and standard deviations (shaded) across trials of three individuals from the unstable group who reported instability during the measured activities are shown in red. Dashed colour …
Muscle synergy weights, as well as means (solid lines) and standard deviations (shaded areas) of the corresponding time/amplitude-normalized activation patterns are presented for each activity. RF: …
BMI: body mass index; PTS: posterior tibial slope; RoM: range of motion; OKS: Oxford Knee Score; COMI-Knee: Core Outcome Measures Index-Knee; EQ-VAS: EQ-Visual Analogue Scales. Bold values indicate …
Baseline data | Stable (N = 10) | Unstable (N = 8) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Sex ratio | 7M:3F | 3M:5F | 0.168 |
Age [years] | 62.6 ± 6.8 | 68.9 ± 8.3 | 0.096 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 29.4 ± 4.8 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 0.113 |
Time post-op [months] | 33.9 ± 8.5 | 31.9 ± 20.4 | 0.779 |
PTS [°] | 82.0 ± 2.4 | 82.3 ± 3.0 | 0.863 |
Inlay thickness [mm] | 11.3 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 1.7 | 0.511 |
Knee flexion RoM [°] | 125.0 ± 7.8 | 126.3 ± 6.4 | 0.720 |
Hyperextension | 1/10 | 8/8 | <0.01 |
Drawer tests | 1/10 | 5/8 | 0.019 |
Varus/valgus stress tests | 1/10 | 5/8 | 0.019 |
UCLA activity score | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 0.465 |
OKS | 46.0 ± 2.0 | 42.9 ± 3.8 | 0.040 |
COMI-Knee | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.044 |
EQ-VAS | 84.5 ± 13.4 | 81.3 ± 17.1 | 0.660 |
A-P translation RoM [mm] | Stance phase | Swing phase | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medial | Lateral | Diff | Medial | Lateral | Diff | ||
Level walking | Stable | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | −0.3 ± 2.2 | 7.0 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 1.9 | −1.1 ± 1.5 |
Unstable | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | −0.3 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | −0.6 ± 2.1 | |
Downhill walking | Stable | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | −0.2 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | −1.0 ± 1.6 |
Unstable | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 2.0 | −0.1 ± 1.6 | |
Stair descent | Stable | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 2.1 | −1.7 ± 2.0 |
Unstable | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 7.4 ± 2.9 | 0.5 ± 2.4 |
A significant difference was observed only between stable and unstable groups in abduction/adduction during downhill walking (a).
Rotation RoM [°] | Stance phase | Swing phase | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
flex/ex | int/ext | ab/ad | flex/ex | int/ext | ab/ad | ||
Level walking | Stable | 47.2 ± 4.9 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 61.8 ± 4.4 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 0.5 |
Unstable | 43.5 ± 6.8 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 59.6 ± 8.0 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | |
Downhill walking | Stable | 57.9 ± 3.8 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.3a | 68.6 ± 4.6 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 0.4 |
Unstable | 54.9 ± 4.3 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 0.3a | 67.4 ± 6.7 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | |
Stair descent | Stable | 84.4 ± 3.4 | 8.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 91.2 ± 4.5 | 9.4 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 0.6 |
Unstable | 84.5 ± 11.7 | 8.4 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 92.8 ± 5.8 | 10.3 ± 2.6 | 3.1 ± 0.9 |
Significant differences were observed between stable and unstable knees during stair descent in dorsi- (a) and knee flexor muscles (b), with an effect size of 1.49. *The classified synergy …
FWHM | Knee extensors | Plantarflexors | Dorsiflexors | Knee flexors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stable | Unstable | p | Stable | Unstable | p | Stable | Unstable | p | Stable | Unstable | p | |
Level walking | 29.3 ± 8.1 | 28.6 ± 13.1 | 0.55 | 24.3 ± 7.9 | 25.5 ± 6.7 | 0.38 | 37.4 ± 13.2 | 27.7 ± 8.3 | 0.11* | 21.7 ± 6.2 | 30.4 ± 9.5 | 0.06 |
Downhill walking | 31.2 ± 9.4 | 34.1 ± 6.6 | 0.26 | 20.2 ± 7.3 | 22.6 ± 8.4 | 0.29 | 35.2 ± 15.9 | 31.1 ± 13.2 | 0.32 | 20.2 ± 5.7 | 21.6 ± 5.5 | 0.37* |
Stair descent | 31.8 ± 12.2 | 36.0 ± 7.3 | 0.20 | 26.0 ± 9.4 | 33.5 ± 15.1 | 0.12 | 20.1 ± 8.1 | 35.0 ± 12.5 | 0.01a | 20.1 ± 8.1 | 35.0 ± 12.5 | 0.01b |
A significant difference was observed between stable and unstable knees during stair descent in dorsiflexor muscles (a), with an effect size of 2.17. *The classified synergy corresponding to dorsi- …
CoA | Knee extensors | Plantarflexors | Dorsiflexors | Knee flexors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stable | Unstable | p | Stable | Unstable | p | Stable | Unstable | p | Stable | Unstable | p | |
Level walking | 31.8 ± 11.7 | 34.6 ± 23.2 | 0.39 | 60.5 ± 6.4 | 57.1 ± 8.5 | 0.81 | 141.4 ± 37.3 | 68 ± 22.7 | 0.004a* | 34.7 ± 22.9 | 69.8 ± 78.8 | 0.19 |
Downhill walking | 35.6 ± 6.7 | 32.6 ± 8.4 | 0.77 | 45.8 ± 10.4 | 46.4 ± 9.3 | 0.46 | 119.8 ± 46.7 | 98.3 ± 51.8 | 0.23 | 86.5 ± 39.8 | 108.1 ± 30.1 | 0.19* |
Stair descent | 41.2 ± 8.0 | 41.4 ± 9.4 | 0.49 | 157.3 ± 27.3 | 172.4 ± 29.6 | 0.16 | 61.9 ± 24.9 | 68 ± 26.2 | 0.33 | 61.9 ± 24.9 | 68 ± 26.2 | 0.33 |
Mean ± standard deviation of kinematic parameters of interest in stable and unstable groups at the instant of heel-strike in all activities.
Post hoc pair-wise comparisons of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) results on hamstrings-dominant classified synergy module during stair descent.
Bold values indicate the comparison of the same muscle between stable and unstable groups. RF: rectus femoris, VM: vastus medial, VL: vastus lateral, TA: tibialis anterior, HM: hamstrings medial, HL: hamstring lateral, GM: gastrocnemius medial, GL: gastrocnemius lateral.
Strobe checklist.