VO2max prediction based on submaximal cardiorespiratory relationships and body composition in male runners and cyclists: a population study

  1. Szczepan Wiecha  Is a corresponding author
  2. Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak
  3. Piotr Szwed
  4. Tomasz Kowalski
  5. Igor Cieśliński
  6. Marek Postuła
  7. Andrzej Klusiewicz
  1. Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
  2. Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  3. Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Poland

Abstract

Backround: Oxygen uptake (VO2) is one of the most important measures of fitness and critical vital sign. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a valuable method of assessing fitness in sport and clinical settings. There is a lack of large studies on athletic populations to predict VO2max using somatic or submaximal CPET variables. Thus, this study aimed to: (1) derive prediction models for maximal VO2 (VO2max) based on submaximal exercise variables at anaerobic threshold (AT) or respiratory compensation point (RCP) or only somatic and (2) internally validate provided equations.

Methods: 4424 male endurance athletes (EA) underwent maximal symptom-limited CPET on a treadmill (n=3330) or cycle ergometer (n=1094). The cohort was randomly divided between: variables selection (nrunners=1998; ncyclist=656), model building (nrunners=666; ncyclist=219) and validation (nrunners=666; ncyclist=219). Random Forest was used to select the most significant variables. Models were derived and internally validated with Multiple Linear Regression.

Results: Runners were 36.24±8.45 yrs.; BMI=23.94±2.43 kg·m−2; VO2max=53.81±6.67 mL·min−1·kg−1. Cyclists were 37.33±9.13 yr.; BMI=24.34±2.63 kg·m−2; VO2max=51.74±7.99 mL·min−1·kg−1. VO2 at AT and RCP were the most contributing variables to exercise equations. Body mass and body fat had the highest impact on the somatic equation. Model performance for VO2max based on variables at AT was R2=0.81, at RCP was R2=0.91, at AT&RCP was R2=0.91 and for somatic-only was R2=0.43.

Conclusions: Derived prediction models were highly accurate and fairly replicable. Formulae allow for precise estimation of VO2max based on submaximal exercise performance or somatic variables. Presented models are applicable for sport and clinical settling. They are a valuable supplementary method for fitness practitioners to adjust individualised training recommendations.

Funding: No external funding was received for this work.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the manuscript.

Article and author information

Author details

  1. Szczepan Wiecha

    Department of Physical Education and Health, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
    For correspondence
    szczepan.wiecha@awf.edu.pl
    Competing interests
    Szczepan Wiecha, received payment for leading CPET workshops at IX Małopolskich Warsztatach Niewydolności Serca. The author has no other competing interest to declare..
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-9458-557X
  2. Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak

    3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-0303-6135
  3. Piotr Szwed

    Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
  4. Tomasz Kowalski

    Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
    Competing interests
    Tomasz Kowalski, has received funding from the Institute of Sport - National Research Institute. The author has received consulting fees for regular coaching and consulting work with private clients, Polish Triathlon Federation and The Triathlon Squad professional triathlon team. The author has no other competing interests to declare..
  5. Igor Cieśliński

    Department of Physical Education and Health, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
  6. Marek Postuła

    Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
  7. Andrzej Klusiewicz

    Department of Physical Education and Health, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

Funding

No external funding was received for this work

Ethics

Human subjects: The Institutional Review Board of the Bioethical Committee at the Medical University of Warsaw (AKBE/32/2021) has approved the study protocol. The regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki were met during all parts of the study. Each subject delivered written consent to undergo CPET and participate in the study

Reviewing Editor

  1. Herbert Löllgen, German Medical Associations, Germany

Version history

  1. Received: January 19, 2023
  2. Preprint posted: February 8, 2023 (view preprint)
  3. Accepted: May 9, 2023
  4. Accepted Manuscript published: May 10, 2023 (version 1)
  5. Version of Record published: May 19, 2023 (version 2)

Copyright

© 2023, Wiecha et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

Metrics

  • 550
    Page views
  • 74
    Downloads
  • 1
    Citations

Article citation count generated by polling the highest count across the following sources: PubMed Central, Crossref, Scopus.

Download links

A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.

Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)

Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)

Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)

  1. Szczepan Wiecha
  2. Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak
  3. Piotr Szwed
  4. Tomasz Kowalski
  5. Igor Cieśliński
  6. Marek Postuła
  7. Andrzej Klusiewicz
(2023)
VO2max prediction based on submaximal cardiorespiratory relationships and body composition in male runners and cyclists: a population study
eLife 12:e86291.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.86291

Further reading

    1. Medicine
    Chandramohan Chitraju, Alexander W Fischer ... Robert V Farese Jr
    Research Article

    Triglycerides (TGs) in adipocytes provide the major stores of metabolic energy in the body. Optimal amounts of TG stores are desirable as insufficient capacity to store TG, as in lipodystrophy, or exceeding the capacity for storage, as in obesity, results in metabolic disease. We hypothesized that mice lacking TG storage in adipocytes would result in excess TG storage in cell types other than adipocytes and severe lipotoxicity accompanied by metabolic disease. To test this hypothesis, we selectively deleted both TG synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, in adipocytes (ADGAT DKO mice). As expected with depleted energy stores, ADGAT DKO mice did not tolerate fasting well and, with prolonged fasting, entered torpor. However, ADGAT DKO mice were unexpectedly otherwise metabolically healthy and did not accumulate TGs ectopically or develop associated metabolic perturbations, even when fed a high-fat diet. The favorable metabolic phenotype resulted from activation of energy expenditure, in part via BAT (brown adipose tissue) activation and beiging of white adipose tissue. Thus, the ADGAT DKO mice provide a fascinating new model to study the coupling of metabolic energy storage to energy expenditure.

    1. Medicine
    2. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
    Thiruma V Arumugam, Asfa Alli-Shaik ... Jayantha Gunaratne
    Research Article

    Intermittent fasting (IF) has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in both animals and humans, and can protect the heart against ischemic injury in models of myocardial infarction. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. To shed light on the molecular and cellular adaptations of the heart to IF, we conducted comprehensive system-wide analyses of the proteome, phosphoproteome, and transcriptome, followed by functional analysis. Using advanced mass spectrometry, we profiled the proteome and phosphoproteome of heart tissues obtained from mice that were maintained on daily 12- or 16 hr fasting, every-other-day fasting, or ad libitum control feeding regimens for 6 months. We also performed RNA sequencing to evaluate whether the observed molecular responses to IF occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. Our analyses revealed that IF significantly affected pathways that regulate cyclic GMP signaling, lipid and amino acid metabolism, cell adhesion, cell death, and inflammation. Furthermore, we found that the impact of IF on different metabolic processes varied depending on the length of the fasting regimen. Short IF regimens showed a higher correlation of pathway alteration, while longer IF regimens had an inverse correlation of metabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and immune processes. Additionally, functional echocardiographic analyses demonstrated that IF enhances stress-induced cardiac performance. Our systematic multi-omics study provides a molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the heart’s function and its vulnerability to injury and disease.