(A) Image of C. elegans on a small lawn of bacteria. Head is indicated with a green dot, lawn boundary is indicated with a white line. Scale bar is 1 mm. (B) Schematic depicting lawn boundary …
Quantification of various lawn boundary interaction behaviors from experiments in Figure 1.
White scale bar is 1 mm. (B) GFP intensity across the orange transect line plotted in (A) shows accumulation of bacterial cells near the lawn boundary in brighter GFP pixels. (C) An image of the …
Green dot indicates the head position. White line indicates the lawn boundary. Forward and Reverse motion indicated in top left corner.
(A) Midbody forward speed aligned to lawn leaving. Left, heatmap of individual speed traces. Right, mean midbody forward speed computed across the heatmap traces. White space indicates missing data …
Quantification of behavioral states surrounding lawn leaving events from experiments in Figure 2.
(A) Scatter plot of average absolute speed and angular speed in 10 s intervals for wild type animals on small lawns (n=1586 animals, 380,640 bins). The boundary shown, used for all data in the …
(A) Schematic of animal body shape with key body points indicated. (B–E) Schematics illustrating derived behavioral features. See Methods for detailed description. (B) Midbody speed, (C) Midbody …
(A) Midbody forward speed aligned to head poke reversals. Left, heatmap of individual speed traces. Right, mean midbody forward speed computed across the heatmap traces. (B) Overlap of head poke …
Positive values indicate distances inside the lawn, negative values indicate distances outside the lawn (See Figure 1). (A) Lawn boundary distance of animals while roaming and dwelling. Statistics …
Animal shown corresponds to the behavior before and after the first lawn leaving event in Figure 2—figure supplement 2P.
Green dot indicates the head position. White line indicates the lawn boundary. Forward and Reverse motion indicated in top left corner. Speed indicated top middle. Time stamps indicated top right. Video sped up 7 x.
(A–B) Increasing bacterial density suppresses roaming and leaving. (A) Fraction of time roaming on small lawns seeded with bacteria of different optical density (OD). OD1: n=45, OD2: n=46, OD4: …
Quantification of roaming and lawn leaving from experiments in Figure 3.
(A–B) Aztreonam affects roaming and leaving by affecting bacterial growth. In ‘pre-add’ conditions, the drug is added to liquid cultures and agar plates during bacterial growth. In ‘post-add’ …
(A–P) Roaming, lawn leaving, roaming before leaving, and roaming speed quantified across mutants in four neuromodulatory genes known to alter roaming and dwelling: tph-1, cat-2, npr-1, and pdfr-1. (A…
Quantification of roaming and lawn leaving from experiments in Figure 4.
(A–B) Optogenetic feeding inhibition in pdfr-1 mutants. (A) Left, Fraction of animals roaming before, during and after optogenetic feeding inhibition in pdfr-1 mutants and paired wild type controls. …
(A) Experimental design. Stimulation of bacterial light-activated adenylyl cyclase (BlaC) with 455 nm light increases cAMP synthesis in RIB::BlaC neurons. (B) Heatmap showing roaming and dwelling …
Quantification of roaming and lawn leaving from experiments in Figure 5.
(A) Genomic region surrounding pdfr-1 (black boxes represent coding exons, gray boxes are non-coding exons), region deleted in pdfr-1(ok3425) mutants, proximal and distal promoters, PCR fragments …
(B) Restoring pdfr-1 expression in AIY, RIM, and RIA neurons did not rescue roaming on small lawns (wild type n=64, inverted pdfr-1 transgene n=64, AIY, RIM, RIA pdfr-1 rescue n=64, …
(A–E) Quantification of RIB::BlaC controls. (A) Blue light stimulation does not induce roaming in wild-type animals. Statistics by paired t-test on logit-transformed data. (B) Blue light stimulation …
(A–C) Roaming and leaving in tax-4 mutants, and rescue by tax-4 expression in ASJ neurons (wild type n=143, tax-4 n=156, tax-4 ASJ rescue n=148). Additional features of roaming and leaving are shown …
Quantification of roaming and lawn leaving from experiments in Figure 6.
Different letters mark significant differences by Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample tests with Bonferroni correction. (B) Same as (A) for roam state durations before leaving events. Wild type n=143, tax-…
(A) ASJ or ASJ +ASK tax-4 rescue restores roaming to tax-4 mutants. (B) ASK tax-4 rescue suppresses lawn leaving below tax-4 levels. (C–D) Quantification of roaming and leaving in tax-4 mutants with …
(A) Fraction of animals roaming before, during, and after optogenetic feeding inhibition. Light ON period denoted by yellow shading. (B) Cumulative distribution of time until the first head poke …
(A–B) In these panels, wild type n=30, tax-4 n=22, tax-4 ASJ rescue n=10 on inedible food generated by pre-treatment of bacterial lawns with aztreonam before growth. (A) Wild type, tax-4 and tax-4 …
Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | Wild type | Yoshimura et al., 2019 | PD1074 (now CGC1) | Used in all figures except Figure 4 tph-1 and cat-2 controls |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | Wild type | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX0001 | Used as wild type controls in Figure 4 tph-1 and cat-2 experiments |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pharynx ReaChR | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX16279 | Figures 3 and 6 and supplements |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pdfr-1 | Flavell et al., 2013 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX14295 | Figure 4 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | tph-1 | https://cgc.umn.edu/strain/MT15434 | ID_BargmannDatabase:MT15434 | Figure 4 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | cat-2 | Stern et al., 2017 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX11078 | Figure 4 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | npr-1 | Jang et al., 2017 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX13663 | Figure 4 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pharynx ReaChR; pdfr-1 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX16528 | Figure 4—figure supplement 1 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pharynx ReaChR; tph-1 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX16529 | Figure 4—figure supplement 1 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | RIB::BlaC | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX18471 | Figure 5, Figure 5—figure supplement 3 |
strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | PCR fragment #1; pdfr-1 | Flavell et al., 2013 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX14378 | Figure 5—figure supplement 1 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | PCR fragment #2; pdfr-1 | Flavell et al., 2013 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX14383 | Figure 5—figure supplement 1 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pdfr-1:: CreONpdfr-1 | Flavell et al., 2013 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX14485 | Figure 5—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | RIB pdfr-1 rescue; pdfr-1 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX18302 | Figure 5—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pan-neuronal pdfr-1 rescue; pdfr-1 | Flavell et al., 2013 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX14488 | Figure 5—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | AIY, RIM, RIA pdfr-1 rescue; pdfr-1 | Flavell et al., 2013 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX14271 | Figure 5—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | tax-4 | Worthy et al., 2018 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX13078 | Figure 6, Figure 6—figure supplements 1 and 2, 4 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | ASJ rescue; tax-4 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX11118 | Figure 6, Figure 6—figure supplements 2 and 4 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | ASK rescue; tax-4 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX13361 | Figure 6—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | ASJ +ASK rescue; tax-4 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX11110 | Figure 6—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | AWC rescue; tax-4 | Worthy et al., 2018 | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX13790 | Figure 6—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | ASI rescue; tax-4 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX11558 | Figure 6—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | URX/AQR/PQR rescue; tax-4 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX11113 | Figure 6—figure supplement 2 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pharynx ReaChR; tax-4 | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX18452 | Figure 6, Figure 6—figure supplement 3 |
Strain, strain background (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2 hermaphrodite) | pharynx ReaChR; tax-4; ASJ rescue | This paper | ID_BargmannDatabase:CX18538 | Figure 6, Figure 6—figure supplement 3 |
Strain, strain background (Escherichia coli, OP50) | OP50 | Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) | https://cgc.umn.edu/strain/OP50 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Aztreonam | Sigma | PZ0038 | CAS: 78110-38-0 |
Chemical compound, drug | all trans-Retinal (ATR) | Sigma | R2500 | CAS: 116-31-4 |
Software, algorithm | ImageJ | ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/) | RRID:SCR_003070 | Version 1.50i |
Software, algorithm | MATLAB | Mathworks (https://www.mathworks.com/) | RRID:SCR_001622 | Version R2018a, R2020a, R2021a, R2023a |
Software, algorithm | FlyCapture | Pointgrey (https://www.ptgrey.com/) | Version FlyCap2 | |
Software, algorithm | Python | Python (python.org) | RRID:SCR_008394 | Version 3.8.3 |
Software, algorithm | tracking and analysis code | this paper; Scheer and Bargmann, 2023 | https://github.com/BargmannLab/Scheer_Bargmann2023 |
Sensory neurons and endocrine systems implicated in roaming and leaving behavior.
Lawn Leaving Events Per minute Roaming/Dwelling.
Strains and Plasmids.
p-values and Statistical Tests.