Ribosome subunit attrition and activation of the p53–MDM4 axis dominate the response of MLL-rearranged cancer cells to WDR5 WIN site inhibition

  1. Gregory Caleb Howard
  2. Jing Wang
  3. Kristie L Rose
  4. Camden Jones
  5. Purvi Patel
  6. Tina Tsui
  7. Andrea C Florian
  8. Logan Vlach
  9. Shelly L Lorey
  10. Brian C Grieb
  11. Brianna N Smith
  12. Macey J Slota
  13. Elizabeth M Reynolds
  14. Soumita Goswami
  15. Michael R Savona
  16. Frank M Mason
  17. Taekyu Lee
  18. Stephen Fesik
  19. Qi Liu
  20. William P Tansey  Is a corresponding author
  1. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
  2. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
  3. Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
  4. Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
  5. Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
  6. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
  7. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
  8. Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, United States
6 figures, 1 table and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1 with 2 supplements
Impact of WIN site inhibitors (WINi) on the transcriptome of MLLr cancer cells.

(A) Chemical structures of C6 and C16. (B) Crystal structures of C6 or C16 bound to the WIN site of WDR5 with electrostatic surfaces mapped (PDB IDs: 6E23 [Aho et al., 2019a]; 6UCS [Tian et al., 2020

Figure 1—source data 1

Output of RNA-seq analysis of MV4;11 cells treated with C6/C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig1-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 1—source data 2

GSEA Hallmark and over-representation analysis (ORA) Hallmark enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in RNA-seq.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig1-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Transcript changes elicited by WIN site inhibitors (WINi) in MLLr cancer cells.

(A) Crystal structures of C6 or C16 bound to the WIN Site of WDR5 with electrostatic surfaces mapped (PDB IDs: 6E23 [Aho et al., 2019a]; 6UCS [Tian et al., 2020]). (B) Viabilities of MV4;11 cells …

Figure 1—figure supplement 2
Impact of WIN site inhibitors (WINi) on RPL22L1 and p53 target gene expression.

(A) Venn diagram, showing the overlap of consensus p53 target genes (Fischer, 2017) with genes significantly induced by C6 or C16 in MV4;11 cells. (B) Graph showing the changes in expression of the …

Figure 2 with 3 supplements
Impact of WIN site inhibitors (WINi) on the translatome of MLLr cancer cells.

(A) Volcano plots depicting alterations in translation efficiency (TE) induced by 48 hr treatment of MV4;11 cells with either 2 µM C6 (left) or 100 nM C16 (right) compared to DMSO (n = 2; red …

Figure 2—source data 1

Output of Ribo-seq analysis of MV4;11 cells treated with C6/C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig2-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 2—source data 2

Hallmark, Reactome, and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially translated genes in Ribo-seq.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig2-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 2—source data 3

Enrichment analysis of differentially translated genes, broken down by mRNA level change direction.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig2-data3-v1.xlsx
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
WIN site inhibitors (WINi) suppress bulk protein synthesis.

(A) Representative histograms from protein synthesis assays in MV4;11 cells treated 24, 48, or 96 hr with either 0.1% DMSO (blue), 2 µM C6 (red), or 100 nM C16 (orange). Cells were pulsed with O-prop…

Figure 2—figure supplement 2
WIN site inhibitors (WINi) suppress translation.

(A) Distribution of ribosome-protected fragment (RPF) lengths in each Ribo-seq sample/replicate. The length distribution of RPFs in mammalian Ribo-seq experiments typically peaks at 30–31 …

Figure 2—figure supplement 3
WIN site inhibitors (WINi) impair translation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins.

(A) Top: transcript level changes in mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes elicited by C6 or C16, as indicated. Bottom: translational efficiency (TE) changes in mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes …

Figure 3 with 4 supplements
Impact of WIN site inhibitors (WINi) on the ribosome inventory of MLLr cancer cells.

(A) Lysates from MV4;11 cells treated 24 or 72 hr with either 0.1% DMSO or 250 nM C16 were subjected to liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and analyzed by label-free …

Figure 3—source data 1

Output of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (LFQMS) analysis of MV4;11 cells treated with C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig3-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 3—source data 2

Enrichment analysis of proteins altered in abundance by 24 or 72 hr of C16 treatment.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig3-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Distribution of peptide/protein intensities in label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (LFQMS) analysis.

(A) Peptide intensities of all proteins detected in each mass spectrometry run before (left) and after normalization (right). (B) Magnitudes of significant protein level alterations within each …

Figure 3—figure supplement 2
Enrichment analysis of proteins with altered expression in response to C16 treatment.

(A) Graphs showing enrichment of proteins in GO BP (top) and Hallmark.MSigDB (bottom) pathways that are induced by C16 treatment at 24 (blue) or 72 (green) hr. The x-axis displays -Log10 (FDR); the …

Figure 3—figure supplement 3
WIN site inhibitors suppress rRNA levels.

(A) In-gel fluorescence assay detecting metabolically labeled rRNA (top) isolated from MV4;11 cells treated 24, 48, or 96 hr with either DMSO (0.1%), C6 (2 µM), or C16 (100 nM), and pulsed with …

Figure 3—figure supplement 4
C16 induces redistribution of nucleophosmin from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm.

(A) Representative immunofluorescent images of MV4;11 cells treated with vehicle (DMSO control), C16 (100 nM), or ActD (5 nM) for the times indicated and stained for nucleophosmin (NPM1, green), …

Figure 4 with 1 supplement
A two-tier loss-of-function screen for modulators of the response to WIN site inhibitors (WINi).

(A) Two-tier screen design. In the first tier, Cas9-expressing MV4;11 cells were transduced with a genome-wide sgRNA library and treated with 2 µM C6 until a resistant cell population emerged. sgRNA …

Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies genes that influence response to C6/C16.

(A) Tier 1 screen: daily cell counts of MV4;11 Cas9 and MV4;11 Cas9+GeCKOv2 (Library) populations treated with either DMSO or 2 µM C6. The two replicates of this screen are shown separately. (B) …

Figure 5 with 3 supplements
Identification of agents that synergize with WIN site inhibitors (WINi) in MLLr cells.

(A) Peak synergy (>0) and antagonism (<0) zero interaction potency (ZIP) delta (δ) scores from synergy assays in which MV4;11 cells were treated for 3 d with 49 unique dose combinations of C16 and …

Figure 5—source data 1

Peak synergy and antagonism scores for MV4:11 and MOLM13 cells treated with C16 in combination with 11 agents.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig5-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 5—source data 2

Output of RNA-seq analysis of MV4;11 cells treated with C16, mivebresib, or both.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig5-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 5—source data 3

Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in RNA-seq of MV4;11 cells treated with C16, mivebresib, or both.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig5-data3-v1.xlsx
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
C16 is synergistic with multiple agents in MV4;11 cells.

(A) Heatmaps of MV4;11 cell growth inhibition at each dose of C16 and the indicated five compounds. (B) Heatmaps of δ scores from MV4;11 cells at each dose combination of C16 and the indicated agents.

Figure 5—figure supplement 2
C16 is synergistic with multiple agents in MOLM13 cells.

(A) Heatmaps of MOLM13 cell growth inhibition at each dose of C16 and the indicated five compounds. (B) Heatmaps of δ scores from MOLM13 cells at each dose combination of C16 and the indicated agents.

Figure 5—figure supplement 3
Impact of C16 and mivebresib on RPG and p53 target gene expression.

(A) Transcript level changes in WDR5-bound (left) and non-bound (right) RPGs elicited by C16 (top), mivebresib (Mivb; middle), or the combination (bottom). (B) Heatmap, showing significant changes …

Figure 6 with 3 supplements
WIN site inhibitors (WINi) inactivate MDM4 in an RPL22-dependent manner.

(A) Differential alternative splicing events affected by C6/C16 treatment of MV4;11 cells were quantified by rMATS. The types of alternative splicing events are cartooned at left, and the number of …

Figure 6—source data 1

Raw unprocessed gel images corresponding to Figure 6—figure supplement 1A.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data1-v1.pdf
Figure 6—source data 2

Output of rMATS analysis of MV4;11 cells treated with C6/C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 6—source data 3

Raw unprocessed gel images corresponding to Figure 6—figure supplement 1F.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data3-v1.pdf
Figure 6—source data 4

Raw unprocessed gel images corresponding to Figure 6—figure supplement 2A.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data4-v1.pdf
Figure 6—source data 5

Raw unprocessed gel images corresponding to Figure 6D.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data5-v1.pdf
Figure 6—source data 6

Output of RNA-seq analysis of NT and RPL22KO MV4;11 cells treated with C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data6-v1.xlsx
Figure 6—source data 7

GSEA Hallmark and GOBP enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in RNA-seq of NT and RPL22KO MV4;11 cells treated with C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data7-v1.xlsx
Figure 6—source data 8

Output of rMATS analysis of NT and RPL22KO MV4;11 cells treated with C16.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data8-v1.xlsx
Figure 6—source data 9

Raw unprocessed gel images corresponding to Figure 6G.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/90683/elife-90683-fig6-data9-v1.pdf
Figure 6—figure supplement 1
WIN site inhibitors (WINi) alter the abundance of alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms.

(A) Western blots comparing the effects of 72 hr DMSO (DM) or C16 treatment of MV4;11 (top) or MOLM13 (bottom) cells on levels of p53 and GAPDH (loading control). Representative images from three …

Figure 6—figure supplement 2
Impact of RPL22 loss on the response of MLLr cells to WIN site inhibitors (WINi).

(A) Western blot analysis of RPL22 expression in MV4;11, MOLM13, and K562 cells electroporated with Cas9 and either scrambled non-targeting (NT) control or RPL22-targeting sgRNAs. GAPDH and …

Figure 6—figure supplement 3
Impact of RPL22 loss on the abundance of alternatively-spliced mRNA isoforms in MV4;11 cells.

(A) Differential alternative splicing events affected by C16 treatment of control (NT) or RPL22 knockout (KO) MV4;11 cells were quantified by rMATS. The types of alternative splicing events are …

Tables

Appendix 1—key resources table
Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional information
Gene (Homo sapiens)RPL22NAENSEMBL:ENSG00000116251
Gene (H. sapiens)RPL22L1NAENSEMBL:ENSG00000163584
Gene (H. sapiens)MDM4NAENSEMBL:ENSG00000198625
Strain, strain background (Escherichia coli)Endura ElectroCompetent CellsLucigenCat# 60242-2
Cell line (H. sapiens)‘MV4;11’ATCCCat# CRL-9591; RRID:CVCL_0064
Cell line (H. sapiens)‘MV4;11 NT’This studyNASee ‘Generation of RPL22-null cell lines’
Cell line (H. sapiens)‘MV4;11 RPL22 KO’This studyNASee ’Generation of RPL22-null cell lines’
Cell line (H. sapiens)‘MV4;11 Cas9’This studyNASee ‘Generation of Cas9-expressing MV4;11 cells’
Cell line (H. sapiens)MOLM13DMSZCat# ACC554; RRID:CVCL_2119
Cell line (H. sapiens)MOLM13 NTThis studyNASee ‘Generation of RPL22-null cell lines’
Cell line (H. sapiens)MOLM13 RPL22 KOThis studyNASee ‘Generation of RPL22-null cell lines’
Cell line (H. sapiens)K562ATCCCat# CCL-243; RRID:CVCL_0004
Cell line (H. sapiens)K562 NTThis studyNASee ‘Generation of RPL22-null cell lines’
Cell line (H. sapiens)K562 RPL22 KOThis studyNASee ‘Generation of RPL22-null cell lines’
Cell line (H. sapiens)HEK293TATCCCat# CRL-11268; RRID:CVCL_1926
AntibodyAnti-p53 (DO-1) (mouse monoclonal)Santa Cruz BiotechnologyCat# sc-126; RRID:AB_628082(1:2000)
AntibodyAnti-RPL22 (52) (mouse monoclonal)Santa Cruz BiotechnologyCat# sc-136413; RRID:AB_10658965(1:1000)
AntibodyAnti-RPL22L1 (rabbit polyclonal)Thermo Fisher ScientificCat# PA5-63266; RRID:AB_2646731(1:1000)
AntibodyAnti-MDMX (mouse monoclonal)Sigma-AldrichCat# M0445; RRID:AB_532256(1:1000)
AntibodyAnti-p21 Waf1/Cip1 (12D1) (rabbit monoclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologyCat# 2947; RRID:AB_823586(1:1000)
AntibodyAnti-⍺-actinin (HRP) (rabbit monoclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologyCat# 12413; RRID:AB_2797903(1:1000)
AntibodyAnti-GAPDH (HRP) (rabbit monoclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologyCat# 8884; RRID:AB_11129865(1:2000)
AntibodyAnti-nucleophosmin (mouse monoclonal)AbcamCat# ab10530; RRID:AB_297271(1:500)
AntibodyAnti-Phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) (20E3) (rabbit monoclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologyCat# 9718; RRID:AB_2118009(1:250)
AntibodyGoat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488Thermo Fisher ScientificCat# A-11001; RRID:AB_2534069(1:500)
AntibodyGoat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594Thermo Fisher ScientificCat# A-11037; RRID:AB_2534095(1:500)
AntibodyAnti-GAPDH (HRP) (rabbit monoclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologyCat# 8884; RRID:AB_11129865(1:2000)
AntibodyGoat anti-mouse IgG, Light chain specific (HRP)Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, IncCat# 115-035-174; RRID:AB_2338512(1:5000)
AntibodyGoat anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked antibodyCell Signaling TechnologyCat# 7074; RRID:AB_2099233(1:5000)
Recombinant DNA reagentlentiCas9-BlastPMID:25075903Addgene plasmid# 52962; RRID:Addgene_52962
Recombinant DNA reagentpsPAX2AddgeneAddgene plasmid# 12260; RRID:Addgene_12260
Recombinant DNA reagentpMD2.GAddgeneAddgene plasmid# 12259; RRID:Addgene_12259
Recombinant DNA reagentHuman GeCKOv2 CRISPR
Knockout Pooled Library
(A+B) in lentiGuide-PURO
PMID:25075903Addgene plasmid# 1000000048
Recombinant DNA reagentlentiGuide-PUROPMID:25075903Addgene plasmid# 52963; RRID:Addgene_52963
Commercial assay or kitcOmplete, EDTA-free, Protease Inhibitor CocktailRocheCat# 11873580001
Commercial assay or kitPhosSTOPRocheCat# 4906837001
Commercial assay or kitPefabloc SCRocheCat# 11429868001
Commercial assay or kitTURBO DNase (2 U/µL)InvitrogenCat# AM2238
Commercial assay or kitRNase I, E. coliLucigenCat# N6901K
Commercial assay or kitSUPERaseIn RNase InhibitorInvitrogenCat# AM2694
Commercial assay or kitTRIzol ReagentInvitrogenCat# 15596018
Commercial assay or kitSYBR Gold Nucleic Acid Gel StainInvitrogenCat# S11494
Commercial assay or kitT4 Polynucleotide KinaseNew England BioLabsCat# M0201S
Commercial assay or kitT4 RNA Ligase 2, truncated K227QNew England BioLabsCat# M0351S
Commercial assay or kitSuperScript III Reverse TranscriptaseInvitrogenCat# 18080085
Commercial assay or kitRandom HexamersInvitrogenCat# N8080127
Commercial assay or kitCircLigase II ssDNA LigaseLucigenCat# CL9021K
Commercial assay or kitLD-DithiothreitolMilliporeSigmaCat# D9779
Commercial assay or kitIodoacetamideMilliporeSigmaCat# I1149
Commercial assay or kito-Phosphoric acid, 85%Fisher ScientificCat# A260-500
Commercial assay or kitWater, Optima LC/MS GradeFisher ScientificCat# W6-4
Commercial assay or kitMethanol, Optima LC/MS GradeFisher ScientificCat# A456
Commercial assay or kitTriethylammonium bicarbonate bufferMilliporeSigmaCat# T7408
Commercial assay or kitTrypsin Gold, Mass Spectrometry GradePromegaCat# V5280
Commercial assay or kitFormic Acid, LC/MS GradeThermo Scientific PierceCat# 28905
Commercial assay or kitAcetonitrile, Optima LC/MS GradeFisher ScientificCat# A955-1
Commercial assay or kitPhusion High Fidelity DNA polymeraseNew England BioLabsCat# M0530S
Commercial assay or kitBsmBIv2New England BioLabsCat# R0739S
Commercial assay or kitDNase I (RNase-free)New England BioLabsCat# M0303S
Commercial assay or kitRNA Clean and Concentrator-25Zymo ResearchCat# R1017
Commercial assay or kitRNasin Ribonuclease InhibitorPromegaCat# N2515
Commercial assay or kitSYBR Safe DNA Gel StainInvitrogenCat# S33102
Commercial assay or kitClick-iT Cell Reaction Buffer KitInvitrogenCat# C10269
Commercial assay or kitNeon Transfection System 10 µL KitThermo ScientificCat# MPK1096
Commercial assay or kitGene Knockout Kit v2 – human – RPL22SynthegoNA
Commercial assay or kitNegative Control, Scrambled
sgRNA#1, mod-sgRNA
SynthegoNA
Commercial assay or kitProLong Gold Antifade MountantThermo Fisher ScientificCat# P36934
Commercial assay or kitLipofectamine 3000 Transfection ReagentInvitrogenCat# L3000075
Commercial assay or kitQuantiGene Plex panelThermo Fisher ScientificNA
Commercial assay or kitQuantiGene Sample Processing Kit for cultured cellsThermo Fisher ScientificCat# QS0100
Commercial assay or kitQuantiGene Plex Assay kitsThermo Fisher ScientificCat# QP1013
Commercial assay or kitPierce BCA Protein Assay KitThermo ScientificCat# PI23225
Commercial assay or kitClarity Western ECL SubstrateBio-RadCat# 1705061
Commercial assay or kitQubit RNA High Sensitivity Assay KitInvitrogenCat# Q32852
Commercial assay or kitDirect-zol RNA MiniprepZymo ResearchCat# R2050
Commercial assay or kitRiboCop rRNA Depletion Kit V1.2LexogenCat# 037.24
Commercial assay or kitQuick-DNA MidiPrep Plus KitZymo ResearchCat# D4075
Commercial assay or kitNEBNext High Fidelity
2X PCR Master Mix
New England BioLabsCat# M0541L
Commercial assay or kitZymo-Spin V Columns with ReservoirZymo ResearchCat# C1016-25
Commercial assay or kitNucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-upMacherey-NagelCat# 740609.250
Commercial assay or kitGibson Assembly Master MixNew England BioLabsCat# E2611S
Commercial assay or kitNucleoBond Xtra Maxi EFMacherey-NagelCat# 740424.10
Commercial assay or kitQ5 DNA PolymeraseNew England BioLabsCat# M0491S
Commercial assay or kitTaq DNA Polymerase
with Standard Taq Buffer
New England BioLabsCat# M0273S
Commercial assay or kitSYBR Safe DNA Gel StainInvitrogenCat# S33102
Commercial assay or kitKAPA SYBR Fast qPCR
Master Mix (2×)
RocheCat# 07959397001
Commercial assay or kitCellTiter-Glo Luminescent
Cell Viability Assay
PromegaCat# G7572
Chemical compound, drugBlasticidin S Hydrochloride PowderResearch Products InternationalCat# B12200-0.05
Chemical compound, drugDMSOSigmaCat# D2650
Chemical compound, drugC6PMID:30865883N/A
Chemical compound, drugC16PMID:31858797N/A
Chemical compound, drug2’-Azido-2’-deoxycytidineBiosynthCat# NA05412
Chemical compound, drugActinomycin DCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 11421-10mg
Chemical compound, drugMB 680R DBCOVector LaboratoriesCat# CCT-1462
Chemical compound, drugCycloheximideResearch Products InternationalCat# C81040-1.0
Chemical compound, drugOPP (O-propargyl-puromycin)InvitrogenCat# C10459
Chemical compound, drugHoechst 33342Thermo Fisher ScientificCat# H3570
Chemical compound, drugAlexa Fluor 647 Azide,
Triethylammonium Salt
InvitrogenCat# A10277
Chemical compound, drugCycloheximideSigmaCat# C4859-1ML
Chemical compound, drugNutlin-3aCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 18585
Chemical compound, drugRapamycinMedChem ExpressCat# HY-10219
Chemical compound, drugPinometostatCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 16175
Chemical compound, drugHarmineSigma-AldrichCat# 286044
Chemical compound, drugMivebresibCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 21033
Chemical compound, drugVenetoclaxCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 16233
Chemical compound, drugEtoposideCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 12092
Chemical compound, drugOlaparibCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 10621
Chemical compound, drugVE-821Cayman Chemical CompanyCat# 17587
Chemical compound, drugPemrametostatSelleck ChemicalsCat# S8664
Chemical compound, drugAlvespimycinCayman Chemical CompanyCat# 11036
Software, algorithmRThe R FoundationRRID:SCR_001905https://www.r-project.org
Software, algorithmdrcRitz et al., 2015; Ritz and Streibig, 2021NAhttps://github.com/DoseResponse/drc
Software, algorithmCHOPCHOPLabun et al., 2019RRID:SCR_015723https://chopchop.cbu.uib.no
Software, algorithmcount_spacers.pyJoung et al., 2017; Joung, 2017NAhttps://github.com/fengzhanglab/Screening_Protocols_manuscript/blob/master/design_targeted_library.py
Software, algorithmSynergyFinder PlusZheng et al., 2022RRID:SCR_019318https://synergyfinder.org/
Software, algorithmPASWRUgarte et al., 2015; Arnholt, 2022NAhttps://github.com/cran/PASWR
Software, algorithmcutadaptMartin, 2011RRID:SCR_011841https://github.com/marcelm/cutadapt/
Software, algorithmsabreNARRID:SCR_011843https://github.com/najoshi/sabre
Software, algorithmbowtie2Langmead and Salzberg, 2012RRID:SCR_016368https://github.com/BenLangmead/bowtie2
Software, algorithmSTARDobin et al., 2013RRID:SCR_004463https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR
Software, algorithmUMI-toolsSmith et al., 2017RRID:SCR_017048https://github.com/CGATOxford/UMI-tools
Software, algorithmBEDToolsQuinlan and Hall, 2010RRID:SCR_006646https://github.com/arq5x/bedtools2
Software, algorithmXtailXiao et al., 2016; xryanglab, 2016NAhttps://github.com/xryanglab/xtail
Software, algorithmriboWaltzLauria et al., 2018RRID:SCR_016948https://github.com/LabTranslationalArchitectomics/riboWaltz
Software, algorithmfeatureCountsLiao et al., 2014RRID:SCR_012919http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Rsubread.html
Software, algorithmDESeq2Love et al., 2014RRID:SCR_015687https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DESeq2.html
Software, algorithmMAGeCKLi et al., 2014; Li and Song, 2022NAhttps://sourceforge.net/p/mageck/wiki/Home/
Software, algorithmMaxquantCox and Mann, 2008RRID:SCR_014485https://cox-labs.github.io/coxdocs/maxquant_instructions.html
Software, algorithmAndromedaCox et al., 2011NAhttps://cox-labs.github.io/coxdocs/andromeda_instructions.html
Software, algorithmMsstatsChoi et al., 2014RRID:SCR_014353https://msstats.org/
Software, algorithmfgseaKorotkevich et al., 2021RRID:SCR_020938https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/fgsea.html
Software, algorithmBiorenderNARRID:SCR_018361https://biorender.com
Software, algorithmPyMOLNARRID:SCR_000305https://pymol.org/2/
Software, algorithmrMATSShen et al., 2014RRID:SCR_013049https://rnaseq-mats.sourceforge.net
Software, algorithmMolecular Signatures DatabaseLiberzon et al., 2011RRID:SCR_016863https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/index.jsp
Software, algorithmUniversal Protein ResourceBateman et al., 2021RRID:SCR_002380https://www.uniprot.org
Software, algorithmFlowJoNARRID:SRC_008520https://www.flowjo.com/solutions/flowjo
Software, algorithmEmpiria StudioLI-CORRRID:SCR_022512https://www.licor.com/bio/empiria-studio/
Software, algorithmNIS-Elements AR 5.42.03 64-bitNikon InstrumentsRRID:SCR_014329https://www.nikoninstruments.com/Products/Software
Software, algorithmFijiFiji/ImageJRRID:SCR_002285http://fiji.sc
OtherS-Trap Micro ColumnsProtiFiCat# C02-micro-80
OtherJupiter 3 um C18 300A, Bulk packagingPhenomenexCat# 04A-4263
OtherMolex Polymicro Capillary
100 um × 363 um
Fisher ScientificCat# 50-110-8623
OtherNeon Transfection SystemThermo Fisher ScientificCat# MPK5000
OtherLuminex FLEXMAP 3D SystemInvitrogenCat# APX1342
Other4–20% Mini-PROTEAN
TGX Precast Gel
Bio-RadCat# 4561096
OtherAmersham Protran Western Blotting Membranes, NitrocelluloseCytivaCat# GE10600001
OtherC1000 Touch Thermal Cycler ChassisBio-RadCat# 1841100
OtherCFX96 Optical Reaction Module
for Real-Time PCR System
Bio-RadCat# 1845097
OtherChemiDoc Imaging SystemBio-RadCat# 17001401
OtherThick-wall Polycarbonate Tubes,
13 × 51 mm
Beckman-CoulterCat# 349622
OtherNovex TBE-Urea Gels 15%, 12 wellInvitrogenCat# EC68852BOX
OtherCostar Spin-X Centrifuge Tube FiltersCorningCat# CLS8162
OtherNovex TBE Gels, 8%, 15 wellInvitrogenCat# EC62155BOX
OtherGloMax Explorer Multimode Microplate ReaderPromegaCat# GM3500
OtherOrbitrap Exploris 480 Mass SpectrometerThermo ScientificCat# BRE725533

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