Neurons called lobula columnar cells help fruit flies respond appropriately to specific visual cues, such as those signaling an approaching predator.

Molecular genetic experiments are revealing how the fly brain generates behavioral responses to visual stimuli.

A naturalistic assay for head-fixed mice permits observation of a diverse set of innate and learned behaviors without requiring any training.

The processing of light and dark contrast information for detecting impending visual threats within grasshopper neurons reveals new mechanisms of information processing in the brain.

The subcortical amygdala pathway, which has been traditionally associated with learning threats, is also required for processing an innate threat.

The superior colliculus reveals hallmarks of sophisticated visual computation, including selectivity, invariance, and stimulus-specific habituation to behaviorally relevant stimuli.

Humans perseverate on previously instructed goals in a novel multigoal reinforcement learning task, and do this to a greater extent for punishment avoidance goals.

In the Drosophila central brain, synaptic connectivity extracts visual-spatial information from the axons of looming sensitive LC6 neurons that terminate in a glomerulus with minimal retinotopy.