Conditioned olivocerebellar network activity elicits transient spike pauses and timed spike facilitation in the neurons of interposed nuclei that predicts and likely causes conditioned eyelid responses on a trial-by-trial basis.

Neurons in the lateral habenula are activated by pain, bitterness and social defeat, and their responses are dynamically shaped by learning, suggesting a role in experience-dependent selection of behavioral actions to stressors.

Reward-related cues elicit phasic changes in activity in ventral pallidum neurons, which predict and functionally contribute to the speed of behaviors trained on the basis of act-outcome, but not stimulus-outcome, contingencies.

Individual neurons in a surprising number of frontal cortical regions encode the value of reward-predicting olfactory cues across distinct stimulus sets and experimental sessions.

The subcortical visual pathway through the midbrain superior colliculus is responsible for visually evoked Pavlovian conditioning and dopamine neuron responses with predicted value in monkeys, which remained after lesioning V1.

A computational model explains how the brain chooses between creating a new memory versus updating an old one when faced with an event that defies expectations.

The bidirectional orbitofrontal cortex-basolateral amygdala circuit helps us to learn the details of predicted rewarding events and then to use that information to make good reward pursuit decisions.

Single cells are believed to be incapable of complex forms of learning, but reconsideration of historical studies and more recent developments suggest that this orthodoxy must now be reconsidered.

Excitatory output neurons in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex display heterogeneously specialized coding properties that evolve during cue-reward learning and predict cue-driven reward seeking.

Deconditioning is a safe and efficient new approach to updating traumatic memories, in which fear memory is rewritten to a very low level in a long-lasting way.