Sampling information of hadal snailfish, and phylogenetic relationships and population structure of resequenced individuals.

(A) PCA of eight hadal snailfish and five Tanaka’s snailfish. PC, principal component. MHS denotes Mariana hadal snailfish, YHS denotes Yap hadal snailfish, TS denotes Tanaka’s snailfish. (B) Neighbor-joining tree analysis of 8 hadal snailfish and 5 Tanaka’s snailfishusing SNPs detected in whole-genome resequencing data. (C) Ancestry results from Admixture under the k = 5 model. (D) Maximum likelihood trees constructed with 13 genes encoding mitochondria in these species, where KHS01-KHS03 were constructed using 2 mitochondrial genes (co1 and cytb) and manually merged with other species. Divergence times are shown in each node, and the color of each branch represents the survival depth of the species. KHS denotes Notoliparis kermadecensis. (E) Sampling information of hadal snailfish and Tanaka’s snailfish. Blue represents the ocean, the darker the color, the deeper the depth, depth data from GEBCO Compilation Group (2020) GEBCO 2020 Grid (doi:10.5285/a29c5465-b138-234d-e053-6c86abc040b9).

Alterations in vision-related genes in hadal snailfish.

(A) Different colors of light penetrate the depth of the open ocean. Longer wavelengths (such as red) are absorbed at shallower depths, while shorter wavelengths (such as blue) can penetrate to deeper depths. (B) Genetic alterations in the genes encoding the four major proteins involved in activating the photoresponse of vertebrate photoreceptors in the cone cell and rod cell of hadal snailfish. Opsion: rhodopsin, or its cone equivalent. G-protein: heterotrimeric G-protein, transducin. (C) Gene loss of pde6c and opn1mw4 in hadal snailfish. (D) Expression of vision-related genes in the eyes of hadal snailfish and Tanka’s snailfish. * represents genes significantly downregulated in hadal snailfish (corrected P < 0.05).

High expression and gene expansion of hearing-related genes in hadal snailfish.

(A) Upregulation of auditory-related genes in hadal snailfish brain. Red represents upregulated genes in hadal snailfish. (B) Increased copy number of cldnj in hadal snailfish. The relative positions of genes on chromosomes are indicated by arrows, with arrows to the right representing the forward strand and arrows to the left representing the reverse strand. (C) Nanopore sequencing read depth for all cldnj in hadal snailfish.

Genetic variation of dark adaptation in hadal snailfish.

(A) Genetic changes involved in light-mediated regulation of the molecular clock in hadal snailfish suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons. (B) Pseudogenization of gpr19(gray) in hadal snailfish. Gene structure (top), alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequences (middle) and sequencing read depth (bottom; the numbers along the x-axis represent the position of the base at the scaffold) for the gpr19gene. The premature termination (colored red) of gpr19 is due to 82 nucleotide variants and 22 nucleotide deletions (blue). (C) The deletion of one copy of gpr and another copy of down-regulated expression in hadal snailfish. The relative positions of genes on chromosomes are indicated by arrows, with arrows to the right representing the forward strand and arrows to the left representing the reverse strand. (D) Gene loss of tmem263 in hadal snailfish.

High hydrostatic pressure adaptation of molecules and cells in hadal snailfish.

(A) The position of the gene copies of fthl27 in Tanaka’s snailfish and hadal snailfish, and the expression of each gene copy in each tissue. (B) ROS levels were confirmed by immunofluorescence using DCFH-DA molecular probe in 293T cell culture medium with or without fthl27-overexpression plasmid added with H2O2 or FAC for 4 hours. Images are merged from bright field images with fluorescent images using ImageJ. Green, cellular ROS. Scale bars equal 100 μm. (C) Fluorescence intensities of AlamarBlue for 293T cells with or without the fthl27-overexpression plasmid in cell culture medium supplemented with H2O2 or FAC for 4h. Vertical coordinates are relative fluorescence units, and higher relative fluorescence units indicate stronger cell viability. Significantly higher alamarBlue fluorescence for treated cells compared to control cells (p<0.001) is indicated by an asterisk (***).

K-mer (k=27) distribution of the hadal snailfish (A) and Tanaka’s snailfish (B). Genome size was estimated by: Genome Size = knum/kdepth. The estimated genome size 633.2 Mb for hadal snailfish and 539.9 Mb for Tanaka’s snailfish respectively.

Genome assembly of hadal snailfish (A) and Tanaka’s snailfish (B), both of them assembled 24 chromosomes.

Improved genome assembly for hadal snailfish. (A) Comparison of assembly contiguity in hadal snailfish. The x-axis is the number of scaffolds, and the y-axis is the length of the scaffold as a percentage of the total genome length. HS: the hadal snailfish genome assembled in this work, MHS2019: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Genome_assembly_of_Mariana_hadal_snailfish/9782414?file=17520179, YHS: GCA_004335475.1. (B) Length of the gaps and BUSCO genome assessment in each genome assembly. (C) Assessment of heterozygous sequences in different versions of hadal snailfish genome. These sequences were largely resulted from assembly redundancy. The horizontal coordinate refers to the read depth, and the vertical coordinate refers to the read occurrence frequency.

Chromosomal syntenic relationship of hadal snailfish, Tanaka’s snailfish, medaka, and stickleback. Each line represents a syntenic block of 10 or more zones from the results of LAST with a similarity of 75% or more and length > 1,000 bp.

The divergence time between Yap hadal snailfish (YHS) and Mariana hadal snailfish. Phylogenetic tree constructed using the coding sequences of 13 mitochondrial genes (atp6, atp8, co1, co2, co3, cytb, nd1, nd2, nd3, nd4, nd4l, nd5, nd6), in which the divergence time between YHS and MHS was 0.044 million years ago.

Phylogenetic relationships of the family Liparidae. (A) Phylogenetic tree constructed using RAxML with the selected parameter “-N 100” based on the coding sequences of co1 and cytb, where the support of KHS and MHS divergence nodes was 95. (B) Phylogenetic tree constructed with the coding sequences of 2 mitochondrial genes (co1 and cytb), where the divergence between KHS and MHS was 1.0067 million years ago.

Diversity statistics. (A) Heterozygosity ratio per 500KB in different individuals of hadal snailfish and Tanaka’s snailfish. Distribution of Π of 10 kb windows (B) and FST of 10 kb windows with 1 kb steps (C).

Demographic analysis. The mutation ratio among 9 teleosts and the demographic history for hadal snailfish and Tanaka’s snailfish. (A) The mutation ratio is inferred by the fourfold degenerate synonymous site (4D). (B) Demographic history for 5 hadal snailfish individuals and 2 Tanaka’s snailfish individuals inferred by PSMC based on the Illumina data using “g=1 year”.

Loss of vision-related genes in hadal snailfish. Short reads from 7 hadal snailfish individuals (MHS01-MHS07) and 5 Tanaka’s snailfish individuals (TS01-TS05) were mapped with stickleback’s genome sequence, in which opn1lw1, opn1sw1 and rh2 genes were lost in hadal snailfish.

The number of olfactory receptors in eight species. “Air” (yellow circles) and “water” (blue circles) refer to the detection of airborne and water-soluble odorants, respectively. The size of the circles indicates the number of intact OR genes.

Specific changes of tmc1 in hadal snailfish. (A) Sequence alignment revealed that the amino acid sequence of tmc1 was specifically deletion in hadal snailfish. The gray bar with blue stripes shows the exon-intron structure of tmc1. (B) Structural modeling by AlphaFold2 suggests that amino acid deletions specific to the tmc1 sequence in hadal snailfish have resulted in structural alterations.

Genetic changes involved in light-mediated regulation of the molecular clock in hadal snailfish suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons, using Tanaka’s snailfish (this work) as references.

(A) Differences in gene expression between species for each organ. Box plots of Spearman rank correlation coefficients for each organ of hadal snailfish and Tanaka’s snailfish based on 1000 bootstrap replicates. (B) Expression of new genes in hadal snailfish in various tissues.

Pseudogenization of gpr27 in hadal snailfish. (A) Multiple genes associated with fatty acid entry into mitochondria were upregulated in hadal snailfish compared to Tanaka’s snailfish (red). (B) The insertion changed the protein’s sequence, causing its premature termination. The numbers above the alignment represent sequence positions including gaps.

Expression of the vitamin D related genes in various tissues of hadal snailfish and Tanaka’s snailfish.

Loss of skeletal formation-related genes and site-specific mutations in hadal snailfish. (A) Short reads from 7 hadal snailfish individuals (MHS01-MHS07) and 5 Tanaka’s snailfish individuals (TS01-TS05) were mapped with stickleback’s genome sequence, in which tmem251 and tmem263 genes were lost in hadal snailfish. (B) Site-specific amino acid site alterations of sox6. Amino acids unique to hadal snailfish are highlighted in red; positions within each sequence are given above.

(A) Increased gene copy number of vpb1. The relative positions of genes on chromosomes are indicated by arrows, with arrows to the right representing the forward strand and arrows to the left representing the reverse strand. (B) Expression of the ROS-related genes in different tissues of hadal snailfish and Tanaka’s snailfish.

Reads depth of copy number expansion of fthl27 in 8 hadal snailfish resequenced individuals. Short reads from 8 hadal snailfish individuals (MHS01-MHS07, YHS01) were mapped with hadal snailfish’s genome sequence.

Analysis of ROS intracellular amounts and fthl27 antioxidant protein levels in 293T cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of ROS levels in 293T cells with or without the fthl27-overexpression plasmid in cell culture medium supplemented with H2O2 or FAC for 4h using the DCFH-DA molecular probes. Images were created by merging bright field images with fluorescent images using ImageJ. Green, cellular ROS. Scale bars equal 100 μm.

Specific amino acid sites in the fmo3 protein sequence in hadal snailfish. Partial alignment of the fmo3a and fmo3d amino acid sequences from various representative teleosts, spotted gar and elephant shark. Amino acids unique to hadal snailfish are highlighted in grey; positions within each sequence are given above.