Figures and data
Schematic representation of Biological Motion (BM) and scrambled BM sequence.
Intact walker contains information of local kinematics and global configuration. Local kinematics refers to the motion track of each critical joint illustrated by the chromatic dot. Global configuration is composed of the relative locations of each joint. In scrambled BM sequence, global configuration cues have been deprived, but local kinematics have been retained. (Figure reconstructed from Wang et al., 201819)
Demographic characteristics of TD and ADHD groups
Illustration of the trial sequence.
In Task 1 (BM-local), a monitor displayed scrambled BM sequences. Participants only judged the facing direction of the scrambled walker using local BM cues. In Task 2 (BM-global), each trial only showed an intact or scrambled walker (black dots in the figure) embedded in a mask containing local BM cues. Because the two conditions contained the same local cues that were also present in the mask, a participant must rely on global BM cues to judge whether there was an intact walker in the mask. The figure showed one of five possible facing directions of an intact walker (i.e., facing participants). In Task 3 (BM-general), the stimuli sequence consisted of an intact walker (black dots) and a mask containing similar target local cues, and children judged the facing direction of the walker using general BM cues (local + global). Dots in the figure were rendered in black for better illustration and displayed in white in the actual experiments.
The mean accuracy of the three tasks.
Typically developing (TD) children had higher accuracies than children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in three tasks in Experiment 1. Error bars show standard errors. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001
Correlations between the accuracy of Task 1 (BM-Local) and SRS total scores.
The correlation between the SRS total score and the ability to process local cues is found in ADHD group. By contrast, this correlation is not found in TD group. The grey shading represents a 95% confidence interval. **p < 0.01.
The correlation between the ability of local BM processing and subdimensions of social ability in ADHD children.
Factors influencing BM perception in ADHD children.
Post hoc path analysis confirmed that the effect of sustained attention to performance in BM-General was totally mediated by Perceptual Reasoning, and the ability of global BM processing partly mediated the effect of age on performance in BM-General.
