Mathematical modeling of the West Africa Ebola epidemic
Figures
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig1-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Literature search flow.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09186.003![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig2-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Cumulative number of modeling applications by date of most recent EVD data used.
The figure includes 125 modeling applications across the 66 publications.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig3-v2.tif/full/full/0/default.jpg)
Publication lag by type of modeling application.
The vertical red and turquoise lines indicate the median lag for publications including and not including, respectively, the type of modeling application.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig4-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
R0 estimates by type of model input data.
Aggregate, case counts released by the WHO or Ministries of Health; Line-level, individual-level data from epidemiological investigations; Genomic, Ebola virus sequence data. The Figure excludes an outlier estimate of 8.33 for Sierra Leone (Fisman et al., 2014).
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig5-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
R0 estimates and CIs by type of epidemiological input data.
Disaggregated data typically were weekly counts. Top row: Vertical lines indicate 95% CIs. Bottom row: Horizontal bars indicate median CI width.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig6-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
R0 estimates and CIs by model fitting method.
Top row: Vertical lines indicate 95% CIs. Bottom row: Horizontal bars indicate median CI width.
![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/09186%2Felife-09186-fig7-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg)
Accuracy of cumulative incidence forecasts.
Accuracy is shown as the ratio of predicted incidence to incidence subsequently reported by the WHO. 'Dampening' refers to various approaches to restrict the growth of forecasted incidence over time. Top row: Accuracy by date of forecast. Bottom row: Accuracy by forecast lead time ('Horizon'). The Figure excludes one forecast with horizon > 1 year (Fisman and Tuite, 2014).
Tables
Overview of modeling publications on the 2013-present EVD epidemic.
Ref. | Date of latest EVD data | Date published | EVD data was pre-existing and public | Uncertainties addressed | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | Interventions | Forecast | Spread | Phylogenetics | Clinical trials | ||||
Baize et al., 2014 | 3/20/14 | 4/16/14 | No | * | |||||
Dudas and Rambaut, 2014 | 3/20/14 | 5/2/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Alizon et al., 2014 | 6/18/14 | 12/13/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Gire et al., 2014 | 6/18/14 | 8/28/14 | No | * | * | ||||
Stadler et al., 2014 | 6/18/14 | 10/6/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Volz and Pond, 2014 | 6/18/14 | 10/24/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Pandey et al., 2014 | 8/7/14 | 10/30/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Gomes et al., 2014 | 8/9/14 | 9/2/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Valdez et al., 2015 | 8/15/14 | 7/20/15 | Yes | * | * | * | * | ||
Merler et al., 2015 | 8/16/14 | 1/7/15 | Yes | * | * | * | * | ||
Rainisch et al., 2015 | 8/16/14 | 2/18/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Althaus, 2014 | 8/20/14 | 9/2/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Fisman et al., 2014 | 8/22/14 | 9/8/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Nishiura and Chowell, 2014 | 8/26/14 | 9/11/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Poletto et al., 2014 | 8/27/14 | 10/23/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Meltzer et al., 2014 | 8/28/14 | 9/26/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Agusto et al., 2015 | 8/29/14 | 4/23/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Althaus, 2015 | 8/31/14 | 4/19/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Scarpino et al., 2014 | 8/31/14 | 12/15/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Weitz and Dushoff, 2015 | 8/31/14 | 3/4/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Drake et al., 2015 | 9/2/14 | 10/30/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Towers et al., 2014 | 9/8/14 | 9/18/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Bellan et al., 2014 | 9/14/14 | 10/14/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Chowell et al., 2015 | 9/14/14 | 1/19/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Cooper et al., 2015 | 9/14/14 | 4/14/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Read et al., 2015 | 9/14/14 | 11/12/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
WHO Ebola Response Team, 2014 | 9/14/14 | 9/23/14 | No | * | * | * | |||
Faye et al., 2015 | 9/16/14 | 1/23/15 | No | * | * | ||||
Bogoch et al., 2015 | 9/21/14 | 10/21/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Yamin et al., 2014 | 9/22/14 | 10/28/14 | No | * | * | ||||
Lewnard et al., 2014 | 9/23/14 | 10/24/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Webb et al., 2015 | 9/23/14 | 1/30/15 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Shaman et al., 2014 | 9/28/14 | 10/27/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Chowell et al., 2014 | 10/1/14 | 11/20/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Fasina et al., 2014 | 10/1/14 | 10/9/14 | Yes | * | |||||
Khan et al., 2015 | 10/1/14 | 2/24/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Rivers et al., 2014 | 10/5/14 | 10/16/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Xia et al., 2015 | 10/7/14 | 9/8/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Majumder et al., 2014 | 10/11/14 | 4/28/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Kiskowski, 2014 | 10/15/14 | 11/13/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Fisman and Tuite, 2014 | 10/18/14 | 11/21/14 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Althaus et al., 2015 | 10/20/14 | 1/15/15 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Simon-Loriere et al., 2015 | 10/25/14 | 6/24/15 | No | * | |||||
Rainisch et al., 2015 | 10/31/14 | 6/16/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Fast et al., 2015 | 11/1/14 | 5/15/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Kucharski et al., 2015 | 11/1/14 | 2/18/15 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Tong et al., 2015 | 11/11/14 | 5/13/15 | No | * | * | ||||
Hoenen et al., 2015 | 11/21/14 | 3/26/15 | No | * | |||||
Cope et al., 2014 | 12/3/14 | 12/10/14 | Yes | * | * | ||||
White et al., 2014 | 12/3/14 | 1/30/15 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
WHO Ebola Response Team, 2015 | 12/14/14 | 12/24/14 | No | * | * | ||||
Chowell et al., 2014 | 12/17/14 | 1/21/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Siettos et al., 2014 | 12/21/14 | 3/9/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Park et al., 2015 | 12/26/14 | 6/18/15 | No | * | |||||
Nadhem and Nejib, 2015 | 12/30/14 | 6/14/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Camacho et al., 2015 | 1/18/15 | 2/10/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Carroll et al., 2015 | 1/31/15 | 6/17/15 | No | * | * | ||||
Bellan et al., 2015 | 2/9/15 | 4/15/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Barbarossa et al., 2015 | 2/13/15 | 7/21/15 | Yes | * | * | * | |||
Kugelman et al., 2015 | 2/14/15 | 6/12/15 | No | * | |||||
Cleaton et al., 2015 | 2/28/15 | 9/3/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Wang and Zhong, 2015 | 3/18/15 | 3/24/15 | Yes | * | |||||
Toth et al., 2015 | 3/31/15 | 7/14/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Dong et al., 2015 | 4/3/15 | 9/5/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Browne et al., 2015 | 4/12/15 | 5/14/15 | Yes | * | * | ||||
Zinszer et al., 2015 | 5/13/15 | 9/1/15 | Yes | * |
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
Overview of publications.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09186.011
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Supplementary file 2
Overview of models.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09186.012
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Supplementary file 3
Models estimating R.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09186.013
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Supplementary file 4
Forecast models.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09186.014