1. Cell Biology
  2. Developmental Biology

Reactivation of a developmental Bmp2 signaling center is required for therapeutic control of the murine periosteal niche

  1. Valerie S Salazar
  2. Luciane P Capelo
  3. Claudio Cantù
  4. Dario Zimmerli
  5. Nehal Gosalia
  6. Steven Pregizer
  7. Karen Cox
  8. Satoshi Ohte
  9. Marina Feigenson
  10. Laura Gamer
  11. Jeffry S Nyman
  12. David J Carey
  13. Aris Economides
  14. Konrad Basler
  15. Vicki Rosen  Is a corresponding author
  1. Harvard School of Dental Medicine, United States
  2. University of Zürich, Switzerland
  3. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
  4. Linköping University, Sweden
  5. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, United States
  6. Kitasato University, Japan
  7. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
  8. Geisinger Health System, United States
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386
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Cite this article
  1. Valerie S Salazar
  2. Luciane P Capelo
  3. Claudio Cantù
  4. Dario Zimmerli
  5. Nehal Gosalia
  6. Steven Pregizer
  7. Karen Cox
  8. Satoshi Ohte
  9. Marina Feigenson
  10. Laura Gamer
  11. Jeffry S Nyman
  12. David J Carey
  13. Aris Economides
  14. Konrad Basler
  15. Vicki Rosen
(2019)
Reactivation of a developmental Bmp2 signaling center is required for therapeutic control of the murine periosteal niche
eLife 8:e42386.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386
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13 figures, 6 tables and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1 with 3 supplements
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Osteoprogenitor-derived Bmp2 couples length to width in the appendicular skeleton.

(a,b) Representative 3D reconstructions of the murine femur using microcomputed tomography (microCT). (c) Femoral length or (d) femoral width at mid-diaphysis, presented as mean ± s.d. with n = 8–20 …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.002
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
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BMP2 acts downstream of IGF-1 pathway in the periosteum.

(a) Persistence of IGF1 +cells in Bmp2 Prx1-cKO periosteum. Transverse sections of the radius and ulna were imaged in brightfield following immunostaining to visualize cells expressing IGF-1. (b) …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.003
Figure 1—figure supplement 2
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Skeletal phenotype analysis of Bmp2Flox/Flox; Col1a1-Cre mice shows that loss of Bmp2 in mature osteoblasts does not cause a periosteal growth defect.

(a,b) Alizarin red and alcian blue whole mount staining of (a) forelimbs and (b) hindlimbs from at postnatal day 14 mice. (c,d) Representative toluidine blue histology at the mid-diaphysis of the (c)…

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.004
Figure 1—figure supplement 3
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Skeletal phenotype analysis of Bmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre mice reveals architectural abnormalities compounded by material defects.

Bone mass analyzed in the femur of juvenile (2 week-old) mice by microcomputed tomography (microCT). (a) X-ray imaging shows that Bmp2 Prx1-cKO reach peak adult body size despite slender bones. (b) …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.005
Figure 2 with 2 supplements
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Robust versus quiescent states of Bmp2 expression reflect active versus homeostatic states of periosteal bone growth.

LacZ staining on tissues from mice expressing beta-galactosidase from one allele of the endogenous Bmp2 locus (Bmp2lacz/+). (a) Lateral view of a whole mount E13.5 Bmp2lacz/+ mouse embryo, …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.008
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
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Schematic of the Bmp2lacz knock-in allele.

Homologous recombination was used to replace the first 336 coding nucleotides of murine Bmp2 with non-membrane targeted bacterial beta-galactosidase. (a) Specifics of allele construction from the UC …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.009
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
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Bmp2 expression domain during periosteal bone growth.

(a) LacZ staining on tissues from mice expressing beta-galactosidase from the endogenous Bmp2 locus (Bmp2lacz/+). Longitudinal sections through the (a) forelimb of an E14.5 Bmp2lacz/+ mouse embryo, …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.010
Figure 3
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Robust versus quiescent states of periosteal BMP signaling reflect active versus homeostatic states of periosteal bone growth.

Fluorescent and brightfield microscopy on tissues from mice with transgenic expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (gfp) under the control of a minimal fragment of the Id1 promoter with …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.011
Figure 4
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Bmp2 is dispensable for development and maintenance of the periosteum.

(a,b) The periosteum forms during development and is maintained in postnatal life in Bmp2 Prx1-cKO mice. Sagittal sections of the femur from mice were stained with picrosirius red and hematoxylin, …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.012
Figure 5
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Bmp2 is essential for periosteal BMP signaling and periosteal expression of BMP target genes.

(a,b) Loss of phospho-Smad1/5+ cells in Bmp2 Prx1-cKO periosteum. Transverse serial sections of the radius and ulna from (a) newborn and (b) 2 week-old mice, imaged in brightfield following …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.013
Figure 6
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Bmp2 acts downstream of intermittent parathyroid hormone treatment in the juvenile periosteum.

Intermittent PTH1-34 therapy does not rescue periosteal growth in juvenile Bmp2 Prx1-cKO mice. (a) Juvenile mice were given intermittent PTH1-34 therapy (100 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 14 days. (b) …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.014
Figure 7
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Bmp2 acts downstream of intermittent parathyroid hormone treatment in the adult periosteum.

Intermittent PTH1-34 therapy does not improve biomechanical stability or fracture repair in adult Bmp2 Prx1-cKO mice. (a) Adult mice were given intermittent PTH1-34 therapy (100 mg/kg, subcutaneous) …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.016
Figure 8
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Bmp2 acts downstream of sclerostin neutralizing antibody in the periosteum.

(a–c) Haploinsufficiency of Dkk1 does not rescue periosteal growth in juvenile Bmp2 Prx1-cKO mice. Femoral bone mass was analyzed by microCT in juvenile mice (two weeks-old). (b) Transverse sections …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.018
Figure 9 with 2 supplements
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Bmp2 acts downstream of sclerostin neutralizing antibody to reactivate the developmental periosteal BMP signaling center.

(a,b) PTH1-34 and SOST-ab activate BMP signaling in bone and alkaline phosphatase activity in WT mice. Adult WT mice (4 months-old) were given a single injection of PTH1-34 (100 mg/kg, subcutaneous) …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.019
Figure 9—figure supplement 1
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Magnified images of BRE-gfp expression in cortical bone following SOST-ab treatment.

SOST-ab activates BMP signaling in the periosteum in a Bmp2-dependent manner. BRE:gfp and a Cre-dependent tdTomatoFlox reporter were bred onto a Bmp2 Prx1-cKO background. GFP (green) and DAPI (blue) …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.020
Figure 9—figure supplement 2
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BRE-gfp expression relative to Prx1-Cre; TdTomato+/Flox lineage, with separated fluorescent channels.

(a–c) SOST-ab activates BMP signaling in the periosteum in a Bmp2-dependent manner. BRE:gfp and a Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter were bred onto a Bmp2 Prx1-cKO background. GFP (green), tdTomato …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.021
Figure 10
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Deposition of mineralized bone matrix is optimal when BMP2 and canonical Wnt signaling are balanced.

(a,b) Primary periosteal cells isolated from 4 week-old Bmp2F/F and Bmp2F/F; Prx1-Cre mice were analyzed by QPCR in three repeat experiments. Fold change mRNA is reported as mean ±s.d. compared by …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.022
Figure 11 with 1 supplement
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Bmp2 is a direct target gene of canonical Wnt pathway in osteoblast progenitors.

(a) Cartoon summarizing discovery of canonical WNT target genes by anti-Bcl9 chromatin immunoprecipitation from E10.5 mouse limb buds, deep sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis of peaks. 2099 …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.023
Figure 11—figure supplement 1
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Bmp2 is upregulated by canonical Wnt pathway in osteoblast progenitors.

(a) Immortalized mouse E13.5 limb bud cells were cultured in OM ± recombinant Wnt3a (40 ng/ml). QPCR analysis for Bmp2 was performed at 24 hr, 48 hr, and 6d and expressed as fold change from …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.024
Figure 12
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Bmp2 acts downstream of canonical Wnt pathway to specify Sp7+/Col1A1+ osteoblasts.

(a) Cartoon summarizing regulatory analysis of Sp7 locus by chromatin immunoprecipitation of H3-acetyl-K14, Smad1, endogenous Grhl3, or transiently expressed V5-GRHL3 from chromatin of immortalized …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.025
Figure 13
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Developmental, reparative, and therapeutic signals converge on Bmp2 to specify osteoblasts in the periosteal niche.

(a) A proposed hierarchical and regionalized gene regulatory network, summarizing the source and identity of signals that regulate transcription of Bmp2 for downstream specification of Sp7+/Col1A1+ o…

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.027

Tables

Table 1
Skeletal phenotype analysis of Bmp2Flox/Flox; Col1a1-Cre mice shows that loss of Bmp2 in mature osteoblasts does not cause a periosteal growth defect.

Bone mass analyzed in the femur of juvenile 2 week-old mice by microCT. Data presented as mean ±s.d. with no statistical differences detected between WT and conditional knockout mice using 1-way …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.006
MicroCT femur, P14Bmp2Flox/FloxBmp2Flox/Flox; Col1a1-Cre
N44
BV/TV (%)7.9 ± 1.07.5 ± 0.6
Tb.Th (mm)0.026 ± 0.0020.026 ± 0.006
Tb.Sp. (mm)0.361 ± 0.0370.399 ± 0.058
Tb.N (1/mm)2.89 ± 0.3072.63 ± 0.35
Tt.Ar (mm2)1.17 ± 0.081.15 ± 0.078
Ct.Ar (mm2)0.322 ± 0.0520.301 ± 0.018
Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar (%)27 ± 0.0825 ± 0.08
C.Th (mm)0.081 ± 0.0060.078 ± 0.007
Imin (mm4)0.040 ± 0.0070.038 ± 0.002
Table 2
Skeletal phenotype of 2 week-old Bmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre mice.

Quantitative microCT data presented as mean ±s.d. where ***p<0.0005 vs. age-matched Bmp2F/F littermates when compared by 1-way ANOVA. (e) Static histomorphometry (n = 4), presented as mean ±s.d. *p<0…

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.007
MicroCT femur, P14Bmp2Flox/FloxBmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre
N44
BV/TV (%)4.3 ± 1.06.6 ± 0.9
Tb.Th (mm)0.02 ± 0.0010.02 ± 0.001
Tb.Sp. (mm)0.35 ± 0.040.26 ± 0.06
Tb.N (1/mm)2.8 ± 0.33.9 ± 1.0
Tt.Ar (mm2)1.02 ± 0.080.6 ± 0.03***
Ct.Ar (mm2)0.24 ± 0.030.21 ± 0.01
Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar (%)23 ± 0.236 ± 1.0***
C.Th (mm)0.065 ± 0.070.06 ± 0.03
Ma.Ar (mm2)0.46 ± 0.040.23 ± 0.02***
Imin (mm4)0.02 ± 0.0050.01 ± 0.001***
TMD (mgHA/cm3)882.6 ± 20.6858.7 ± 8.57
Table 3
Skeletal phenotype of juvenile Bmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre mice after intermittent PTH therapy.

Juvenile mice (two weeks-old) were given intermittent PTH1-34 therapy (100 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 14 days. Bone mass was analyzed in the femur by microcomputed tomography (microCT). Trabecular …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.015
MicroCT femur, four wkBmp2Flox/FloxBmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre
TreatmentVehiclePTHVehiclePTH
N4555
BV/TV (%)11.9 ± 7.433.2 ± 8.6b8.7 ± 1.239.2 ± 9.6b
Conn.D244.6 ± 232.1438.7 ± 165132.2 ± 60.5702.8 ± 168b
SMI2.2 ± 0.90.1 ± 1.82.7 ± 0.2−0.6 ± 1.0b
Tb.N (1/mm)5.1 ± 2.18.3 ± 2.4b4.8 ± 0.510.8 ± 1.3b
Tb.Th (mm)0.04 ± 0.0050.05 ± 0.0090.034 ± 0.002a0.051 ± 0.006b
Tb.Sp (mm)0.2 ± 0.070.121 ± 0.050.2 ± 0.020.08 ± 0.02b
Ct.Ar (mm2)0.43 ± 0.040.60 ± 0.05b0.4 ± 0.030.5 ± 0.05b
Tt.Ar (mm2)1.4 ± 0.11.6 ± 0.20.7 ± 0.09a0.8 ± 0.1
Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar (%)0.31 ± 0.010.38 ± 0.02b0.57 ± 0.02a0.63 ± 0.05
Ct.Th (mm)0.1 ± 0.0070.134 ± 0.004b0.15 ± 0.015a0.19 ± 0.01b
Ma.V (mm3)1.16 ± 0.71.2 ± 0.20.42 ± 0.09a0.37 ± 0.07
Imin (mm4)0.06 ± 0.0090.1 ± 0.02b0.03 ± 0.006a0.04 ± 0.01
Table 4
Skeletal phenotype of adult Bmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre mice after intermittent PTH therapy.

Ten week-old mice were given intermittent PTH1-34 therapy (100 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 14 days. Bone mass was analyzed in the femur by microcomputed tomography (microCT). Trabecular bone at the …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.017
MicroCT Femur, 10 wkBmp2Flox/FloxBmp2Flox/Flox; Prx1-Cre
TreatmentVehiclePTHVehiclePTH
N5555
BV/TV (%)12.3 ± 316.7 ± 2b15.0 ± 3.021.0 ± 1.4b
Tb.N (1/mm)4.90 ± 0.55.50 ± 0.96.10 ± 0.7a5.70 ± 0.6
Tb.Th (mm)0.04 ± 0.0030.04 ± 0.0050.04 ± 0.0010.05 ± 0.003b
Tb.Sp (mm)0.20 ± 0.020.19 ± 0.050.16 ± 0.020.16 ± 0.02
Tt.Ar (mm2)1.60 ± 0.011.90 ± 0.30.80 ± 0.08a0.90 ± 0.18
Ct.Ar (mm2)0.76 ± 0.070.88 ± 0.07b0.58 ± 0.06a0.72 ± 0.1b
Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar (%)0.47 ± 0.040.46 ± 0.030.75 ± 0.010.80 ± 0.027
Ct.Th (mm)0.19 ± 0.020.19 ± 0.0050.25 ± 0.01a0.30 ± 0.014b
Ct. Po (%)3.58 ± 0.284.06 ± 0.1b3.38 ± 0.32.80 ± 0.18b
Ma.V (mm3)1.03 ± 0.161.21 ± 0.270.23 ± 0.03a0.21 ± 0.07b
Imin (mm4)0.11 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.03b0.03 ± 0.01a0.04 ± 0.02
Table 5
Human variants of BMP2 and GRHL3 are associated with increased risk of fractures.

We performed a phenomewide association study of BMP2 and a downstream effector GRHL3 in 61,062 individuals from DiscovEHR, a cohort linking exome sequence data to electronic health records (EHRs). …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.026
VariantGeneFunctional PredictionHGVS amino acidPhenotypeOdds Ratio
(CI)		P- ValueMAF
20:6770235:T:GBMP2missensep.Ser37AlaPost-eruptive color changes of dental hard tissues15.44
(6.50–36.64)		5.33E-100.01802
20:6778359:G:ABMP2missensep.Arg154GlnSecondary hyperparathyroidism, not elsewhere classified18.88
(7.35–48.53)		1.06E-090.00033
1:24336821:A:TGRHL3synonymousp.Pro202Pro:p.Pro156Pro:p.Pro207Pro:p.Pro202ProFracture of thoracic vertebra12.72
(5.59–28.94)		1.36E-090.00078
20:6778291:A:TBMP2missensep.Arg131SerFracture of lower leg, including ankle16.05
(6.44–40.00)		2.54E-090.00019
1:24342967:C:TGRHL3missensep.Thr454Met:p.Thr408Met:p.Thr459Met:p.Thr454MetAtresia of bile ducts17.11
(6.34–46.18)		2.07E-080.03395
1:24336694:T:CGRHL3missensep.Val160Ala:p.Val114Ala:p.Val165Ala:p.Val160AlaMalignant neoplasm of parietal lobe8.72
(4.08–18.64)		2.31E-080.04732
1:24344928:A:GGRHL3missensep.Asn484Ser:p.Asn438Ser:p.Asn489Ser:p.Asn484SerMalignant neoplasm of parietal lobe8.23
(3.90–17.38)		3.24E-080.0484
1:24339645:C:GGRHL3intronicNAFracture of patella13.33
(5.11–34.81)		1.22E-070.00109
1:24342967:C:TGRHL3missensep.Thr454Met:p.Thr408Met:p.Thr459Met:p.Thr454MetAtresia of esophagus with tracheo-esophageal fistula9.76
(4.16–22.88)		1.63E-070.03396
Key resources table
Reagent type
(species)
or resource		DesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional
information
Gene
(Mus musculus)		bone morphogenetic
protein 2 (Bmp2)		MGI:MGI:88177
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		Tg(Prrx1-cre)1Cjt;
Bmp2tm1Cjt/Bmp
2tm1Cjt		PMID:17194222MGI:3700047;
RRID:MGI:3700047
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		B6.Cg-Tg
(Sp7-tTA,tetO-EGFP/cre)1Amc/J		PMID:16854976IMSR JAX:006361;
RRID:IMSR_JAX:006361
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		B6.FVB-Tg(Col1a1-cre)
1Kry/Rbrc		PMID:12112477IMSR:RBRC05603; RRID:IMSR_RBRC05603
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		Bmp2tm1(KOMP)
Vlcg/Bmp2+		PMID:29198724MGI:5912401;
RRID:MGI:5912401
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		BRE:gfpPMID:18615729
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		Dkk1tm1Lmgd/
Dkk1tm1Lmgd		PMID:17127040;
PMID:11702953		MGI:3618757;
RRID:MGI:3618757
Genetic
reagent
(Mus musculus)		B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26
Sortm9(CAG-tdTomato)
Hze/J		Jackson LaboratoryIMSR JAX:007909;
RRID:IMSR_JAX:007909
Cell line
(Mus musculus)		MLB13 Clone 14PMID:7532346;
PMID:8302904
Transfected
construct
(H. sapien)		V5-tagged GRHL3Center for Cancer
Systems Biology		PlasmID_clone:
HsCD00376192
Antibodyanti-Id1
(rabbit polyclonal)		Santa CruzSanta Cruz
Biotechnology:sc-488;
RRID:AB_631701		Immunostaining
(1:100)
Antibodyanti-Id3
(mouse polyclonal)		Santa CruzSanta Cruz
Biotechnology:sc-490;
RRID:AB_2123010		Immunostaining
(1:100)
Antibodyanti-pSmad1/5/8
(rabbit monoclonal)		Cell Signaling
Technologies		Cell Signaling
Technology:9511;
RRID:AB_331671		Western (1:1000);
Immunostaining (1:50)
Antibodyanti-Smad1
(rabbit polyclonal)		Cell Signaling
Technologies		Cell Signaling
Technology:9743;
RRID:AB_2107780		Western (1:1000);
ChIP (1:25)
Antibodyanti-alpha-Tubulin
(mouse monoclonal)		Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich:T6074;
RRID:AB_477582		Western (1:1000)
Antibodyanti-V5-tag
(mouse monoclonal)		AbcamAbcam Cat:ab27671;
RRID:AB_471093		ChIP (1:250)
Antibodyanti-GRHL3
(rabbit polyclonal)		Thermo FisherThermo Fisher
Scientific:PA5-41616;
RRID:AB_2606412		ChIP (1:100)
Antibodyanti-H3acK14
(rabbit polyclonal)		MilliporeMillipore:06–599;
RRID:AB_2115283		ChIP (1:100)
Antibodyanti-Bcl9
(rabbit polyclonal)		AbcamAbcam:ab37305;
RRID:AB_2227890		ChIP (1 μg)
Software,
algorithm		BiotapestryBiotapestry.org;
PMID:15907831;
PMID:18757046;
PMID:27134726

Additional files

Transparent reporting form
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42386.028

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