Quantitative insights into the cyanobacterial cell economy

  1. Tomáš Zavřel  Is a corresponding author
  2. Marjan Faizi
  3. Cristina Loureiro
  4. Gereon Poschmann
  5. Kai Stühler
  6. Maria Sinetova
  7. Anna Zorina
  8. Ralf Steuer  Is a corresponding author
  9. Jan Červený
  1. Global Change Research Institute CAS, Czech Republic
  2. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
  3. Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
  4. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
  5. Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
6 figures, 3 tables and 2 additional files

Figures

Experimental setup and evaluation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (substrain GT-L) phenotype stability.

Panel A: Photobioreactor setup. Cultures were cultivated in a flat-panel photobioreactor vessel (400 mL) in a turbidostat regime according to Zavřel et al. (2015b). Dilution of actively growing culture was based on measurements of optical density at 680 nm (OD680). Inflow air and CO2 were mixed in a gas mixing unit, the sparging gas flow rate was controlled by a gas analyzing unit. Sparging gas was moistened in a humidifier and, after bubbling through the photobioreactor vessel, separated from the waste culture via a liquid trap. CO2 concentration in the output gas was measured by an infrared sensor according to Červený et al., 2009. All other parameters were set as described in Nedbal et al. (2008) and Červený et al., 2009. Panel B: Representative measurement of the OD680 signal (black lines) within a turbidostat cultivation under increasing red light intensity (supplemented with low intensity of blue light). Calculation of specific growth rates (blue circles) is detailed in Materials and methods. Calculation of uptake and refilling rates of selected nutrients (including Na, (N, S, Ca, Mg, P and Fe) during the turbidostat cultivation is detailed in Figure 1—source data 1 (the elemental composition of Synechocystis cells is based on data available in the literature). Panel C: Calculation of growth rates from the OD680 signal and from top loading balances that monitored depletion rate of a spare cultivation medium (source data are available in Figure 1—source data 2). Panel D: Comparison of specific growth rates using an identical experimental setup throughout four successive years 2013–2017 (source data are available in Figure 1—source data 3). Panel E: Rates of gross photosynthesis and dark respiration, measured as O2 evolution and consumption rates directly within the photobioreactor vessel throughout 5 min of light and dark periods in 2016–2017 (this study) and in 2015–2017 (Zavřel et al., 2017). The dashed line represents a P-I curve fit of data from this study according to Platt et al. (1980). Source data are available in Figure 1—source data 4. Figure 1C: n = 6–11, Figure 1D: n = 3–11, Figure 1E: n = 4–6. Error bars (Figure 1C–1E) represent standard deviations.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.002
Figure 1—source data 1

Uptake and refilling rates of selected nutrients during the quasi-continuous cultivation.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.003
Figure 1—source data 2

Source data for Figure 1C.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.004
Figure 1—source data 3

Source data for Figure 1D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.005
Figure 1—source data 4

Source data for Figure 1E.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.006
Figure 2 with 1 supplement
Variations in morphology and composition of Synechocystis cells with changing growth rate.

Under increasing light intensity and changing growth rate, the following parameters were estimated: cellular volume (A) and dry weight (B), gross photosynthesis (C, D) and dark respiration (E, F), and content of glycogen (G, H), proteins, DNA (I, J), phycobiliproteins (K, L), chlorophyll a and carotenoids (M, N). The data are plotted relative to cellular dry weight (C, E, G, I, K, M) as well as per cell (D, F, H, J, L, N). DNA content was normalized to its initial value after standardization per dry weight and per cell, the measurement was only semi-quantitative. All values represent averages from 3 – 11 independent biological replicates, error bars represent standard deviations. If error bars are not visible (panel A), the standard deviation was too small for visualization. Within each figure, data points are displayed in three different color shades to reflect (from bright to dark) light-limited, light-saturated and light-inhibited growth. Data plotted as a function of light intensity are available in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Comparison with data available in the literature is summarized in Figure 2—source data 2.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.007
Figure 2—source data 1

Source data for Figure 2.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.009
Figure 2—source data 2

Comparison of the values measured in this study with data reported in the literature.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.010
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Allocation of key cellular resources as a function of light intensity.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.008
Figure 3 with 1 supplement
Synechocystis proteome allocation as a function of growth rate.

Panel A: The workflow. Samples were harvested and analyzed by mass spectrometry (the proteomics dataset is available in Figure 3—source data 1). A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to distinguish between growth-dependent and growth-independent proteins. 779 growth-dependent and 577 growth-independent proteins were identified. Panel B: Clustering analysis. Based on k-means clustering analysis (Figure 3—figure supplement 1), the 779 growth-dependent proteins were separated into seven clusters. Gray dashed lines represent protein abundances as medians of 5 biological replicates, normalized by the respective means. Blue dashed lines represent centroids of the respective clusters. Panel C: Proteins were annotated using the GO classes, the matrix represents the annotation mapped to GO slim categories. Proteins can be associated to several GO slim categories. The highest ranking annotation per cluster is highlighted in dark blue.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.011
Figure 3—source data 1

Proteomics dataset.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.013
Figure 3—source data 2

List of growth-dependent proteins.

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Figure 3—source data 3

List of growth-independent proteins.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.015
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Elbow method for the identification of an appropriate number of clusters (grey dashed line at seven clusters).
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.012
Figure 4 with 1 supplement
Proteomaps of proteome reallocation in Synechocystis under light-limited (27.5 μmol(photons) m-2s-1), light-saturated (440 μmol(photons) m-2s-1) and photoinhibited growth (1100 μmol(photons) m-2s-1).
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.018
Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Proteomaps of levels 2, 3 and 4.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.019
A model of phototrophic growth and reproduction of experimental growth curves.

Panel A: A coarse-grained model of phototrophic growth, adopted from Faizi et al. (2018). The model describes optimal proteome allocation under conditions of (i) light-limited, (ii) light-saturated and (iii) light-inhibited growth. Coarse-grained cellular processes include passive (vd) and active import (vt) of external inorganic carbon cix, conversion of inorganic carbon ci into amino acids aa (vm), light harvesting and provision of cellular energy by photosynthesis (v1 and v2), as well as maintenance and photodamage (mv and vi). Amino acids are translated into coarse-grained protein fractions for transport (T), metabolism (M), ribosomes (R), photosynthetic electron transport (P), as well as a growth-independent proteome fraction Q. Translation is limited by the amount of available ribosomes R. Panel B: The model reproduces the measured growth curve (Figure 1C–D) as a function of light intensity. Shown are the specific growth rate μ, as well as the main proteome fractions predicted by the model: ribosome (R) fraction, photosynthetic electron transport (P) fraction, and metabolism (M) fraction, as a function of light intensity.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.020
Figure 6 with 2 supplements
Changes in protein abundance as a function of specific growth rate compared to the predictions obtained from a computational model of proteome allocation.

Panel A: Schematic representation of ribosome, photosynthetic units and metabolic enzyme classes considered in the proteome allocation model. Panel B: Relative proteomics data ( LFQ, label-free quantification intensities, left axes, mean fold change ± SD) of protein classes in comparison with the model predictions (grey lines, right axes). Panel C: Relative protein abundances obtained by immunoblotting analysis for selected proteins (left axes, median fold change ± SD) in comparison with coarse-grained model predictions (grey lines, right axes). Experimental values represent averages from 5 independent experiments, the error bars represent standard deviations. Panels B-C: The experimental data points are displayed in three different color shading to reflect (from bright to dark) light-limited, light-saturated and light-inhibited growth. The full dataset of the immunoblotting analysis is provided in Figure 6—source data 1 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1. The list of proteins considered for ribosome, photosynthetic unit and metabolic enzyme classes is listed in Figure 6—source data 2. The influence of constant ribosomal, photosynthetic unit and metabolic enzyme classes on cellular growth rate is simulated in Figure 6—figure supplement 2.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.021
Figure 6—source data 1

Results of the immunoblotting analysis.

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Figure 6—source data 2

List of proteins considered for ribosome, photosynthetic unit and metabolic enzyme classes.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.025
Figure 6—figure supplement 1
Immunoblots and a list of antibodies used for the immunoblotting analysis.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.022
Figure 6—figure supplement 2
Model simulations for investigating the influence of constant enzyme fractions on the cellular growth rate.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.023

Tables

Table 1
Gene Ontology (GO) slim categories (Klopfenstein et al., 2018) with the amount of associated growth-dependent and independent proteins.

A complete list of the GO slim categories is provided in Table 1—source data 1. Here, only categories that exhibit a significant difference (Fisher's exact test, pvalue<0.05) between growth-dependent and independent groups are listed. Shown is the number of annotations per category.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.016
Gene ontology categoriesGrowth dependentGrowth independent
Translation4013
Transport3614
Photosynthesis368
Catabolic process324
Protein folding143
Cell division120
Cell wall organization or biogenesis101
Cell cycle90
Table 1—source data 1

List of all 40 GO slim categories with the respective amounts of growth-dependent and growth-independent proteins (and their cluster associations).

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.017
Table 2
Quantification of selected protein complexes in Synechocystis cells.

Protein abundances were estimated as molecules per cell, as inferred from mass spectrometry, immunoblotting and spectrophotometric analysis. The stoichiometries of protein complexes were based on Uniprot (www.uniprot.org, (UniProt Consortium, 2018)) and RCSB (www.rcsb.org, (Berman, 2000)) databases. Protein abundances are not precise estimates but indicate ranges. The range in the second column reflects the minimal and maximal protein amounts estimated across all light intensities studied in this work. Estimation of protein abundances is detailed in Table 2—Source data 1, a list of all proteins is provided in Table 2—Source data 2. The experimental conditions of (Moal and Lagoutte, 2012) are comparable to the conditions used in this study with the exception of high light used here and distinct Synechocystis substrains (Figure 2—source data 2).

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.026
Protein complexMolecules per cellMethodStoichiometryReference
Elongation factor179000–274000ProteomicsTufAThis study
Phosphoglycerate kinase45000–73000ProteomicsPgkThis study
Ribosome small subunit36000–66000ProteomicsRps1A,1B,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,UThis study
Phycobilisome (phycocyanin)12000–23000Proteomics((CpcA,B)18,C1,C2,D,G)6This study
26000–66000SpectrophotometryThis study
Photosystem I31000–63000Proteomics(PsaA,B,C,D,E,F,I,J,K,L,M,X)3This study
96000SpetroscopyKeren et al., 2004
540000SpetroscopyMoal and Lagoutte, 2012
Ribosome large subunit33000–54000ProteomicsRplA,B,C,D,E,F,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y, RpmA,B,C,E,F,G,H,I,JThis study
Transketolase31000–50000ProteomicsTktA2This study
PII signal transducing protein36000–46000ProteomicsGlnB3This study
Photosystem II23000–46000Proteomics(PsbA1,A2,B,C,D,E,F,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,T,U,V,X,Y,Z, Ycf12)2This study
17000–29000ImmunoblottingThis study
100000SpetroscopyMoal and Lagoutte, 2012
RuBisCO26000–43000Proteomics(RbcL, RbcS)8This study
39000–63000ImmunoblottingThis study
Ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR)33000–42000ProteomicsPetHThis study
140000ImmunoblottingMoal and Lagoutte, 2012
D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase class 229000–36000ProteomicsSlr20944This study
Phycobilisome (allophycocyanin)19000–38000Proteomics(ApcA,B)34,C6,D2,E6,F2This study
9000–19000SpectrophotometryThis study
G3P dehydrogenase21000–32000ProteomicsGap24This study
Plastocyanin15000–29000ProteomicsPetEThis study
Superoxide dismutase [Fe]14000–25000ProteomicsSodB2This study
Orange carotenoid protein15000–24000ProteomicsSlr19632This study
RNA polymerase8000–15000ProteomicsRpoA2,B,C1,C2,D,E,FThis study
Cytochrome b6/f8000–15000Proteomics(PetA,B,C2,D,G,L,M,N)2This study
Chaperonine GroEL7000–13000ProteomicsGroL114This study
Ribosome recycling factor6000–7000ProteomicsFrrThis study
Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase3000–5000ProteomicsSerA4This study
Pyruvate dehydrogenase3000–4000Proteomics(PdhA, PdhB)2This study
Glutamine synthetase2000–4000ProteomicsGlnA12This study
Isocitrate dehydrogenase2000–3000ProteomicsIcd2This study
Glycogen synthase2000–3000ProteomicsGlgA1This study
DNA polymerase III1000–2000ProteomicsDnaN2This study
Pyruvate kinase1000–2000ProteomicsPyk24This study
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase1000ProteomicsAccB, AccC, AccA2,ACCD2This study
Carbonic anhydrase400–700ProteomicsIcfA6This study
Acetyl-coenzyme A reductase300–600ProteomicsPhaB4This study
Circadian clock proteins KaiA/KaiB/KaiC200–500ProteomicsKaiA2/KaiB4/KaiC6This study
Table 2—source data 1

Calculations of selected protein complex copies in Synechocystis cells.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.027
Table 2—source data 2

List of all proteins quantified by proteomics measurements in Synechocystis cells.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508.028
Key resources table
Reagent type
(species) or
resource
DesignationSource
or reference
IdentifiersAdditional
information
AntibodyRabbit Anti-PsbAAgriseraCat. #: AS05 084RRID:AB_2172617WB (1:10000)
AntibodyRabbit Anti-PsaCAgriseraCat. #: AS10 939
RRID:AB_10752085
WB (1:1000)
AntibodyRabbit Anti-RbcLAgriseraCat. #: AS03 037
RRID:AB_2175406
WB (1:5000)
AntibodyRabbit Anti-S1AgriseraCat. #: AS08 309
RRID:AB_1271140
WB (1:2000)
AntibodyRabbit Anti-L1AgriseraCat. #: AS11 1738
RRID:AB_10754471
WB (1:1000)
Peptide, recombinant proteinRecombinant PsbA from Synechocystissp. PCC 6803AgriseraCat. #: AS01 016S41.5 kDa
Peptide, recombinant proteinRecombinant PsaC from Synechocystissp. PCC 6803AgriseraCat. #: AS04 042S11.5 kDa
Peptide, recombinant proteinPuri1ed spinach RbcLAgriseraCat. #: AS01 017S52.7 kDa

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  1. Tomáš Zavřel
  2. Marjan Faizi
  3. Cristina Loureiro
  4. Gereon Poschmann
  5. Kai Stühler
  6. Maria Sinetova
  7. Anna Zorina
  8. Ralf Steuer
  9. Jan Červený
(2019)
Quantitative insights into the cyanobacterial cell economy
eLife 8:e42508.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42508