(a) Schematic of the murine Keap1R554Q allele. The Keap1R554Q allele was created by inserting a loxP-flanked wild-type Keap1 cDNA containing exons 3–5 upstream of a R554Q mutation in the endogenous …
Nrf2 promotes the accumulation of intracellular cysteine and sulfur-containing metabolites.
(a) LC-HRMS metabolomics profiling of wild-type MEFs infected with adenoviral-cre compared to MEFs infected with empty adenovirus. N = 3 replicates/group. (b) Verification of stable-isotope labeled …
Cre infection does not induce taurine pathway activity in MEFs.
(a) Western blot analysis of Cdo1 and β-Actin levels following Nrf2 stabilization in wild-type (WT) vs. homozygous Keap1R554Q/R554Q (R554Q) MEFs. (b) Real-time PCR analysis of Cdo1 and Nqo1 mRNA …
Nrf2 promotes the accumulation of cysteine dioxygenase (Cdo1) to promote entry of cysteine into the taurine synthesis pathway.
(a) CDO1 mRNA expression of normal lung (Normal) or or KEAP1 wild-type (WT) and mutant (MUT) lung adenocarcinoma patient tumor samples. Normal, N = 45. MUT, N = 39, WT, N = 189. (b) Methylation of …
CDO1 is preferentially silenced in KEAP1 mutant NSCLC and antagonizes proliferation.
(a) Association of CDO1 mRNA expression with NSCLC patient outcome. (b) Correlation between CDO1 promoter methylation and mRNA expression in lung adenocarcinoma patient samples from the TCGA. N = 185…
CDO1 is epigenetically silenced in NSCLC.
(a) Correlation between CDO1 protein levels (from Figure 3d) and CDO1 mRNA expression in the same cell lines. N = 13. (b) Western blot analysis of NRF2, xCT, CDO1 and HSP90 expression in NSCLC cell …
CDO1 protein does not correlate with mRNA expression.
(a) Western blot analysis of NRF2, xCT, CDO1 and β-Actin protein expression in H460 control cells, or CDO1WT-expressing H1299 and H1975 cells following treatment with 2 µM β-lapachone (βLap). Cells …
NRF2 promotes CDO1 expression in NSCLC.
(a) Schematic depicting intracellular cysteine metabolism. Following uptake of cystine via xCT, it is reduced to cysteine via the cellular antioxidant systems. Cysteine then enters glutathione …
CDO1 depletes cyst(e)ine, leading to its export as CSA.
(a) Time-dependent western blot analysis of CDO1 and β-Actin protein expression at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 24 hr following media replenishment of CDO1WT-expressing and CDO1Y157F-expressing A549 cells. (b) …
CSA only accounts for a fraction of CDO1-dependent (CYS)2 consumption.
(a) Relative abundance of cysteine-related metabolites in cell extracts following CDO1WT or CDO1Y157F expression in A549 cells. Fresh medium was added 4 hr prior to extraction. Metabolites were …
CDO1 expressing cells produce SO32-, which further depletes (CYS)2 via sulfitolysis.
(a) Verification of the stable-isotope labeled CYS-SO3- internal standard for absolute quantification. Stable isotope labeled CYS-SO3- was synthesized from [13C3, 15N]-cysteine and analyzed by …
Sulfite reacts with cystine and oxidized glutathione in the absence of cells.
(a) Western blot analysis of NRF2, CDO1, GOT1, CSAD and β-ACTIN levels following expression of GFP, CDO1WT, or CDO1Y157F in Keap1WT/WT (WT) and Keap1R554Q/R554Q (R554Q) MEFs. A549s expressing CDO1WT …
MEFs preferentially use the CSA decarboxylation pathway.
(a) Western blot analysis of GOT1, CSAD and HSP90 levels in NRF2LOW and NRF2HIGH NSCLC cell lines. Mouse liver is included as a positive control for GOT1 and CSAD expression. Cells were fed with …
NRF2 promotes the CDO1-dependent production of sulfite in NSCLC cell lines.
(a) Analysis of cell viability following treatment of A549 cells with 0–10 mM HTAU, CSA or Na2SO3 for 5 days. Viable cells were analyzed with CellTiter-Glo and normalized to untreated cells. N = 3 …
CSA and sulfite are toxic to NSCLC cells.
(a) Western blot analysis of GOT1 and β-ACTIN expression in parental (P) A549 and H460 cells, and GOT1 KO clones #1 and #2 for each cell line expressing empty pMXS (GOT1 -) and reconstituted with …
Sulfitolysis is not required for the inhibition of proliferation by CDO1.
(a) The NADPH/NADP + ratio was assayed following expression of CDO1Y157F (Y157F) or CDO1WT (WT) in A549 and H460 GOT1 KO cells expressing empty pMXS (GOT1 -) or reconstituted with pMXS-GOT1 (GOT1 …
CDO1-dependent cystine reduction limits NADPH availability for cellular processes.
(a) The NADPH/NADP+ ratio was assayed following growth of A549 cells in medium containing 200 µM or 0 µM cystine for 24 hr. The ratio was normalized to cells grown in 200 µM cystine. N = 3 …
Cystine uptake and reduction depletes NADPH.
(a) Overall survival of Trp53flox/flox and KrasG12D; Trp53flox/flox mice expressing homozygous Keap1WT (WT/WT), heterozygous for Keap1R554Q (R554Q/WT) or homozygous for Keap1R554Q (R554Q/R554Q). (b) …
Nrf2 activation promotes Cdo1 expression in murine lung tumors.
(Left) Elevated intracellular cysteine (CYS) stabilizes CDO1, leading to the production of CSA and SO32-. In turn, SO32- depletes cystine via sulfitolysis to produce CYS-SO3-, further limiting …
Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical compound, drug | Cycloheximide | Sigma Aldrich | 01810–1G | |
Chemical compound, drug | Pyridine | Sigma Aldrich | 270970–1L | |
Chemical compound, drug | CuCl2 | Sigma Aldrich | 203149–10 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Methoxylamine hydrochloride | Sigma Aldrich | 226904–5G | |
Chemical compound, drug | Ethyl acetate (LC-MS grade) | Sigma Aldrich | 34972–1 L-R | |
Chemical compound, drug | Methanol (HPLC grade) | Sigma Aldrich | 34860–1 L-R | |
Chemical compound, drug | Cysteine | Sigma Aldrich | C6852-25G | |
Chemical compound, drug | Cystine | Sigma Aldrich | C6727-25G | |
Chemical compound, drug | L-Cysteine S-sulfate | Sigma Aldrich | C2196-25MG | |
Chemical compound, drug | L-Cysteine sulfinic acid | Sigma Aldrich | 270881–1G | |
Chemical compound, drug | Hypotaurine | Sigma Aldrich | H1384-100MG | |
Chemical compound, drug | Na2SO3 | Sigma Aldrich | 71988–250G | |
Chemical compound, drug | [34S]-Na2SO3, | Sigma Aldrich | 753572 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Doxycycline | Sigma Aldrich | D9891-1G | |
Chemical compound, drug | [13C2,15N]-Glutathione trifluoroacetate salt, | Sigma Aldrich | 683620 | |
Chemical compound, drug | GSSG | Sigma Aldrich | G4376-250MG | |
Chemical compound, drug | Decitabine (5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine) | Sigma Aldrich | A3656-5MG | |
Chemical compound, drug | Cumene hydroperoxide | Invitrogen | component of C10445 | |
Chemical compound, drug | N-Ethylmaleimide | Chem-Impex International | 00142 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [13C5]-glutamine, | Cambridge Isotope Labs | CLM-1822-H-0.25 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [13C3, 15N]-Cysteine | Cambridge Isotope Labs | CNLM-3871-H-0.25 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [13C3]-Cysteine, | Cambridge Isotope Labs | CLM-4320-H-0.1 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [D4]-Cystine, | Cambridge Isotope Labs | DLM-1000–1 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [13C2]-Taurine | Cambridge Isotope Labs | CLM-6622 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [D5]-Glutathione | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-489493 | |
Chemical compound, drug | [D4]-Hypotaurine | CDN Isotopes | H1384-100MG | |
Chemical compound, drug | Formic acid | Fisher Chemical | MFX04405 | |
Chemical compound, drug | NaOH | Fisher Chemical | SS256500 | |
Chemical compound, drug | MSTFA + 1% TMCS solution | Fisher Chemical | TS-48915 | |
Chemical compound, drug | HPLC-grade water | Fisher Chemical | W5-1 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) | Honeywell | 34967 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Erastin | Cayman Chemical | 17754 | |
Chemical compound, drug | β-lapachone | Dr. David Boothman | ||
Chemical compound, drug | puromycin | Invivogen | ant-pr-1 | |
Chemical compound, drug | blasticidin | Invivogen | ant-bl-1 | |
Strain, strain background (mouse) | LSL-KrasG12D | (Jackson et al., 2001) | ||
Strain, strain background (mouse) | Trp53flox | (Marino et al., 2000) | ||
Strain, strain background (mouse) | Keap1R554Q | this paper | A minigene containing a cDNA encoding wild -type exons 3–5, followed by a SV40 polyA signal, was inserted upstream of endogenous exon 3 of the Keap1 gene. Codon 554 in endogenous exon four was mutated from arginine to glutamine | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | Keap1R554Q genotyping primers | this paper | Common (R) 5’-GCCACC CTATTCACAGACCA-3’ Mutant (F) 5’-ATGGCCA CACTTTTCTGGAC 3’ WT (F) 5’-GGGGGTAGA GGGAGGAGAAT-3’ | WT PCR product = 326 bp Mutant PCR product = 584 bp |
Recombinant DNA reagent | adenoviral-Cre | University of Iowa | VVC-U of Iowa-5 | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pRRL-CDO1 | this paper | The LT3GEPIR vector backbone (Fellmann et al., 2013) was obtained from Johannes Zuber and the MiR-E cassette was excised to generate pRRL-GFP. GFP was excised and replaced with CDO1 using pQTEV-CDO1 (addgene# 31292) as a PCR template. | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pRRL-CDO1 Y157F | this paper | The enzyme inactive mutant (CDO1Y157F) was generated from pRRL-CDO1 by site-directed mutagenesis of the wild-type protein. | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pQTEV-CDO1 | Addgene | 31292 | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | lentiCRISPR-V2 | (Shalem et al., 2014) | ||
Recombinant DNA reagent | lentiCRISPR-V2 mCdo1 #2 | this paper | progenitor: lentiCRISPR-V2; oligonucleotides for sgRNAs targeting mCDO1 (#2F 5’- caccgCGAGAGCAATCCCGCCGAGT- 3’, #2R 5’-aaacACTCGGCG GGATTGCTCTCGc-3’) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | lentiCRISPR-V2 mCdo1 #3 | this paper | progenitor: lentiCRISPR-V2; oligonucleotides for sgRNAs targeting mCDO1 (#3F 5’-caccgCGAAGAGCTCATGTAA GATG-3’, #3R 5’-aaacCATCTT ACATGAGCTCTTCGc-3’) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | lentiCRISPR-V2 hCDO1 #1 | this paper | progenitor: lentiCRISPR-V2; oligonucleotides for sgRNAs targeting hCDO1 (F - 5’-caccgGAT GCGGATCAGATCAGCCA-3’, R - 5’-aaacTGGCTGATCT GATCCGCATCc-3’) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | lentiCRISPR-V2 hCDO1 #2 | this paper | progenitor: lentiCRISPR-V2; oligonucleotides for sgRNAs targeting hCDO1 (R - 5’-caccgCGAGAGCGACCCC ACCGAGT-3’,R - 5’-aaacACTCG GTGGGGTCGCTCTCGc-3’) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pLX317-NRF2 | Dr. Alice Berger, (Berger et al., 2016) | ||
Recombinant DNA reagent | pLX317-NRF2T80K | Dr. Alice Berger, (Berger et al., 2016) | ||
Recombinant DNA reagent | pLX317-empty | this paper | pLX317-empty was generated from pLX317 -NRF2 by site directed mutagenesis. | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pLenti KEAP1WT | this paper | The KEAP1WT cDNA was provided by Dr. Christian Metallo (Zhao et al., 2018); pLenti-GFP-blast was generated from pLenti- GFP-puro (addgene #17448) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pLenti KEAP1C151S | this paper | The KEAP1C151S cDNA was provided by Dr. Christian Metallo (Zhao et al., 2018); pLenti-GFP-blast was generated from pLenti-GFP -puro (addgene #17448) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pLenti KEAP1C273S | this paper | The KEAP1C273S cDNA was provided by Dr. Christian Metallo (Zhao et al., 2018); pLenti-GFP-blast was generated from pLenti-GFP-puro (addgene #17448) | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | plentiCRISPR-sgGOT1 | addgene | 72874 | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pMXS-GOT1 | addgene | 72872 | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pMXS-empty | this paper | pMXS-empty was generated from pMXS-GOT1 by site-directed mutagenesis. | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pCMV-dR8.2 dvpr | addgene | 8455 | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pCMV-VSV-G | addgene | 8454 | |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | Lenti-X 293T | Takara | 632180 | |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | Phoenix-AMPHO | ATCC | CRL-3213 | RRID:CVCL_H716 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | Calu3 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_0609 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H1581 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1479 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H1975 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1511 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H2087 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1524 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H2347 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1550 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H1792 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1495 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H1944 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1508 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H322 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_1556 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H460 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_0459 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | HCC15 | Dr John Minna, Hamon Cancer Center Collection (University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center) | (DeNicola et al., 2015) | RRID:CVCL_2057 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H2009 | ATCC | CRL-5911 | RRID:CVCL_1514 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H1299 | ATCC | CRL-5803 | RRID:CVCL_0060 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H1993 | ATCC | CRL-5909 | RRID:CVCL_1512 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | H441 | ATCC | HTB-174 | RRID:CVCL_1561 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | A549 | ATCC | CCL-185 | RRID:CVCL_0023 |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | NRF2 KO A549 | Dr. Laureano de la Vega | (Torrente et al., 2017) | |
Cell line (Mus musculus) | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | this paper | MEFs were isolated from E13.5–14.5 day old embryos | |
Commercial assay or kit | JetPRIME | VWR | 89129–922 | |
Commercial assay or kit | ImmPRESS HRP anti-rabbit kit | Vector Labs | MP-7451 | |
Commercial assay or kit | E.Z.N.A. Total RNA Kit I | Omega Biotek | R6834-02 | |
Commercial assay or kit | PrimeScript RT Master Mix | Takara | RR036A | |
Commercial assay or kit | Taqman gene expression assays - mCdo1 | Thermo Fisher | 4448892, Mm00473573_m1 | |
Commercial assay or kit | Taqman gene expression assays - hCDO1 | Thermo Fisher | 4448892, Hs01039954_m1 | |
Commercial assay or kit | Taqman gene expression assays - mActb | Thermo Fisher | 4448892, Mm02619580_g1 | |
Commercial assay or kit | Taqman gene expression assays - hACTB | Thermo Fisher | #4333762F | |
Commercial assay or kit | CellTiter-Glo | Promega | G7571 | |
Commercial assay or kit | DC protein assay | Biorad | 500112 | |
Antibody | NRF2 (Rabbit mAb) | Cell Signaling Technologies | 12721 | RRID:AB_2715528; 1:1000 WB |
Antibody | HSP90 (Rabbit pAb) | Cell Signaling Technologies | 4874 s | RRID:AB_2121214; 1:5000 WB |
Antibody | TXN1 (Rabbit mAb) | Cell Signaling Technologies | 2429S | RRID:AB_2272594; 1:1000 WB |
Antibody | α-tubulin (Mouse mAb) | Santa Cruz | sc-8035, clone TU-02 | RRID:AB_628408; 1:500 WB |
Antibody | β-actin (Mouse mAb) | Thermo Fisher | AM4302, clone AC-15 | RRID:AB_2536382; 1:100,000 WB |
Antibody | CDO1 (Rabbit pAb) | Abcam | ab53436 | RRID:AB_940958; 1:1000 WB, discontinued, verified with Sigma CDO1 antibody |
Antibody | xCT (Rabbit pAb) | Abcam | ab37185 | RRID:AB_778944; 1:1000 WB |
Antibody | GOT1 (Rabbit pAb) | Biovision | A1272 | RRID:AB_2801348; 1:1000 WB |
Antibody | CSAD (Rabbit pAb) | LSBio | C375526 | RRID:AB_2801349; 1:1000 WB |
Antibody | Anti-NQO1 antibody (Rabbit pAb) | Sigma Aldrich | HPA007308 | RRID:AB_1079501; 1:100, IHC; 1:1000 WB |
Antibody | Anti-CDO1 antibody (Rabbit pAb) | Sigma Aldrich | HPA057503 | RRID:AB_2683451; 1:100, IHC |
Other | dialyzed FBS | Sigma Aldrich | F0392 | |
Other | Cysteine/cystine, methionine and glutamine free RPMI | MP Biomedicals | 91646454 | |
Other | Cysteine/cystine, methionine, pyruvate and glutamine free DMEM | Gibco | 21013024 | |
Software, algorithm | MZmine 2 | (Pluskal et al., 2010) | Version 2.30 | |
Software, algorithm | Thermo Xcaliber Qual Browser | Thermo Fisher | Version 4.0.27.19 | |
Software, algorithm | EI Maven | https://elucidatainc.github.io/ElMaven | Version 0.3.1 | |
Software, algorithm | Agilent Mass Hunter Workstation Software - Qualitative Analysis | Agilent | Version B.07.00 | |
Software, algorithm | Image Scope software | Aperio |