Bacteria: How Legionella defend their turf
Communities of bacteria that cause Legionnaire’s disease repel other bacteria by secreting an acid called HGA.
- University of Michigan Medical School, United States
Legionella pneumophila is a water-borne bacterium that takes up residence in engineered water systems, and if inhaled by susceptible people, it can cause a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, L. pneumophila infections are on the rise and are now the leading cause of water-associated illness in the United States. However, a major problem is that decontamination methods often fail to eradicate every single bacterium, which allows populations of bacteria to build up again (Cervero-Aragó et al., 2015; Berjeaud et al., 2016).
One way that Legionella manages to persist in the environment is by associating with biofilms – microbial communities that attach to surfaces and encase themselves in a protective matrix (Abu Khweek and Amer, 2018). The microbes in these communities engage in behaviors that mutually benefit each other, such as forming food chains or making up the sugar chains of the biofilm’s protective shield (Elias and Banin, 2012). Inhabitants of the biofilm must also repel other microbes that are unlikely to contribute to the community (Drescher et al., 2014; Özkaya et al., 2017). However, despite these biofilms being a threatening pool of infectious bacteria, little is known about how L. pneumophila socially behave. Now, in eLife, Tera Levin, Brian Goldspiel and Harmit Malik from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center report how highly dense populations of L. pneumophila can inhibit the growth of other bacteria belonging to the same or related species of Legionella (Levin et al., 2019).
Levin et al. found that L. pneumophila secrete a molecule called homogenetisic acid, or HGA for short, which is produced by the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine as they convert into more complex molecules. Legionella primarily secretes HGA after the bacteria have stopped replicating, during a period known as the stationary phase. Once secreted, HGA combines with oxygen and self-assembles into long chains to form a dark brown pigment. This pigment, called pyomelanin, is known to protect Legionella against light damage and to help them acquire iron, which is an essential micronutrient (Steinert et al., 1995; Zheng et al., 2013). Levin et al. show that HGA also has toxic properties that can defend Legionella communities from invading microbes.
These properties became evident when the researchers discovered that L. pneumophila mutants that fail to inhibit the growth of other Legionella bacteria did not produce HGA. Interestingly, secreted HGA is only toxic if oxygen is present in the environment, and Levin et al. argue that a reactive intermediate formed during the conversion of HGA to pyomelanin likely accounts for its inhibitory properties. HGA is also detoxified by reducing agents, including the amino acid cysteine, which must be present for L. pneumophila to grow in laboratory cultures.
One conundrum is how L. pneumophila avoids the toxic effects of HGA. As secretion of the inhibitor increases when the bacteria are in the stationary phase – a state typically associated with high bacterial density – Levin et al. speculated that genes involved in either quorum sensing (which leads to changes in gene regulation based on population density) or the stringent stress response may promote resistance to HGA. However, deleting known genes in each of these widespread cell-signaling pathways does not alter resistance or susceptibility to HGA. Instead, L. pneumophila cells are only susceptible to inhibition when at low density, regardless of whether they are in the stationary or replicating phase. It therefore remains to be discovered how individual L. pneumophila cells at high density protect themselves from HGA.
Thinking about the natural habitats of L. pneumophila, Levin et al. envision individual bacterial cells sticking to a surface, such as the interior of a water pipe (Figure 1). As L. pneumophila begin to replicate, they form a small colony, then grow to form a large cooperative community, likely sharing resources liberated by digestive enzymes that they have secreted (White and Cianciotto, 2019). After reaching a certain density, the residents protect their turf from other bacteria by releasing a pulse of HGA. Since the high concentration of bacteria in the colony also triggers resistance to HGA, the community is automatically protected from the inhibitor.
Figure 1
High-density colonies of Legionella protect themselves by secreting pulses of HGA.
The development of Legionella colonies begins with individual cells adhering to a surface, such as the inside of a water pipe. After reaching a certain density, the bacteria intensify the secretion of HGA, which prevents other Legionella cells from joining the colony. Image credit: Elisa D. Hughes (CC BY 4.0).
The work of Levin, Goldspiel and Malik provides an important insight into how Legionella persist within microbial communities, and also identifies several questions that warrant further investigation. First, as biofilms comprised of a single species are not common in nature (Elias and Banin, 2012), it would be useful to know more about the impact of HGA on non-Legionella bacteria. In addition, understanding how the reactive intermediate of HGA is able to inhibit Legionella, and how individuals within dense colonies of the pathogen acquire resistance, could significantly advance the broad field of microbiology ecology. Finally, it is tempting to speculate that the HGA inhibition and resistance pathways discovered by Levin et al. could help identify new ways of eliminating pathogenic Legionella from engineered water systems.
References
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Factors mediating environmental biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophilaFrontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 8:38.https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00038
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Multi-species biofilms: living with friendly neighborsFEMS Microbiology Reviews 36:990–1004.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00325.x
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Maintenance of microbial cooperation mediated by public goods in single- and multiple-trait scenariosJournal of Bacteriology 199:00297-17.https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00297-17
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The lly protein protects Legionella pneumophila from light but does not directly influence its intracellular survival in Hartmannella vermiformisApplied and Environmental Microbiology 61:2428–2430.
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© 2019, Hughes and Swanson
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Bacteria: How Legionella defend their turf
eLife 8:e48695.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.48695
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