1. Immunology and Inflammation

A delayed fractionated dose RTS,S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses

  1. Suresh Pallikkuth
  2. Sidhartha Chaudhury
  3. Pinyi Lu
  4. Li Pan
  5. Erik Jongert
  6. Ulrike Wille-Reece
  7. Savita Pahwa  Is a corresponding author
  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, United States
  2. Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, United States
  3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, United States
  4. GSK Vaccine, Belgium
  5. PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative, United States
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51889
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Cite this article
  1. Suresh Pallikkuth
  2. Sidhartha Chaudhury
  3. Pinyi Lu
  4. Li Pan
  5. Erik Jongert
  6. Ulrike Wille-Reece
  7. Savita Pahwa
(2020)
A delayed fractionated dose RTS,S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses
eLife 9:e51889.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51889
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9 figures, 3 tables and 2 additional files

Figures

Figure 1
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Study schema and assay timepoints.

Timings of the first, second and third vaccine doses in either the standard dose regimen or the delayed fractional dose regimen are depicted in blue, green and yellow circles, respectively. Blood draws for immunology studies were performed at 8 timepoints designated T0 to T7: pre-vaccination (T0), day 6 (T1) and day 28 post first vaccination (T2), day 6 post second vaccination (T3), day 28 post second vaccination (T4), day 6 post third vaccination (T5), day 21 post third vaccination (T6, day of challenge) and at study end (T7, day 376; 159 days post-challenge).

Figure 2 with 2 supplements
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Higher frequencies of total pTfh and CSP-specific CD4 and CSP-specific pTfh cell responses in protected subjects.

Frequencies of total pTfh, CSP-specific CD4 T cells and CSP-specific pTfh cells were identified by flow cytometry after 12 hr of PBMC stimulation with a CSP peptide pool in vaccinated subjects at different timepoints. Longitudinal data at different time points were analyzed for protected (P, n = 35) and non-protected (NP, n = 10) participants. (A–C) Flow cytometry dot plots for total pTfh cells, i.e. CD45RO+CD27+CXCR5+ cells gated from CD4 T cells (A); CSP-specific CD4 T cells, i.e. CD40L+ CD4 T cells (B); and CSP-specific pTfh cells, i.e. CD45RO+CXCR5+ cells gated from CD40L+ CD4 T cells (C). (D–F) Line graphs with error bars indicating mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) for protected (green line) and non-protected (red line) individuals showing frequencies of total pTfh cells (D), CD40L+CD4 T cells (E) and CSP-specific pTfh cells (F). (G–I) Scatter plots of CD4 T cell subsets in DFD and STD regimens at T5, T6 and T7 showing total pTfh cells (F), CSP-specific CD4 T cells (G) and CSP-specific pTfh cells (I) with data for the protected group represented by dark blue open circles for DFD (P DFD) and light blue open circles for the STD regimen (P STD), and the non-protected group represented by red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measures over time. P values shown within the graphs refer to significant difference between the P and NP groups at the indicated time points. Statistical significance is shown as *p, <0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 2—source data 1

Total pTfh frequencies (Figure 2D).

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Figure 2—source data 2

Frequencies of CSP-specific CD4 T cells (Figure 2E).

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Figure 2—source data 3

Frequencies of CSP-specific pTfh cells (Figure 2F).

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Figure 2—source data 4

Frequencies of total pTfh: DFD vs STD (Figure 2G).

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Figure 2—source data 5

Frequencies of CSP-specific CD4 T cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 2H).

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Figure 2—source data 6

Frequencies of CSP-specific pTfh cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 2I).

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Figure 2—figure supplement 1
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Gating strategy for the identification total pTfh, CSP-specific CD4 and CSP-specific pTfh.

CSP-specific CD4 T cells and pTfh cells were identified by flow cytometry after 12 hr of PBMC stimulation with a CSP peptide pool in vaccinated subjects at different timepoints. Live (Aqua-) cells were gated from the singlets followed by CD3+ T cell gating from the live small lymphocytes. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were further gated from CD3+ T cells. on the basis of the expression of CD45RO and CD27, CD4 T cell maturation subsets were identified as naïve (TN: RO-CD27+), central memory (TCM) RO+CD27+, effector memory (TEM: RO+CD27–) and effector (TE: RO–CD27–). CXCR5+ Total pTfh cells were gated from TCM cells. CSP-specific CD4 T cells were identified on the basis of CD40L expression. CSP-specific CD4 T cells were further gated on the basis of the expression of CD45RO and CXCR5 as pTfh (CD45RO+CXCR5+) and non-pTfh (CD45RO+CXCR5–).

Figure 2—figure supplement 2
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Frequency and function of CSP-specific non-pTfh did not differ between P and NP subjects.

CSP-specific non-pTfh cells were identified as CD4+CD40L+CD45RO+CXR5– cells in P (n = 35) and NP (n = 10) subjects. (A–D) The line graphs represent the mean ± SEM for frequencies of CSP-specific non-pTfh (A), IL-21+ CSP-specific non-pTfh (B), ICOS+ CSP-specific non-pTfh (C), and Ki67+ CSP-specific non-pTfh cells (D) in P (green line) and NP (red line) subjects. (E–H) Scatter plot compare CSP-specific non-pTfh cells (E), IL-21+ CSP-specific non-pTfh (F), ICOS+CSP-specific non-pTfh (G), and Ki67+CSP-specific non-pTfh (H) in DFD and STD regimens at T5, T6 and T7. Data from the protected group are represented as dark blue open circles for the DFD regimen (P DFD) and light blue open circles for STD regimen (P STD), and data from the non-protected group are represented as red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over time.

Figure 2—figure supplement 2—source data 1

Ag.non.pTfh frequency and function.

(A) Ag.non-pTfh (% of CD40L+ CD4 T cells). (B) IL-21+ Ag. Non-pTfh (% of Ag.non-pTfh). (C) ICOS+Ag.non-pTfh (% of Ag.non-pTfh). (D) Ki67+Ag.non-pTfh (% of Ag.non-pTfh). (E) Ag.non-pTfh (% of CD40L+ CD4 T cells) DFD vs STD. (F), IL-21+ Ag. Non-pTfh (% of Ag.non-pTfh) DFD vs STD. (G) ICOS+Ag.non-pTfh (% of Ag.non-pTfh) DFD vs. STD. (H) Ki67+Ag.non-pTfh (% of Ag.non-pTfh) DFD vs. STD.

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Figure 3
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Higher induction of IL-21 and ICOS in CSP-specific pTfh cells from protected subjects.

Representative flow cytometry dot plots showing (A) IL-21, (B) ICOS and (C) Ki67 expression in CSP-specific pTfh cells in protected (P, n = 35) and non-protected (NP, n = 10) subjects. (D–F) Line graphs with error bars indicate mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) for frequencies of IL-21+ CSP-specific pTfh cells (D), ICOS+ CSP-specific pTfh (E) and Ki67+ CSP-specific pTfh (F) in the P (green line) and NP (red line) groups. (G–I) Scatter plots comparing IL-21+ (G), ICOS+(H) and Ki67+ CSP-specific pTfh (I) in DFD and STD regimens at T5, T6 and T7. Data from the protected group are represented by dark blue open circles for DFD (P DFD) and by light blue open circles for the STD regimen (P STD), whereas data from the non-protected group are shown as red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via the Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over of time. P values shown within the graph refer to significant difference between the P and NP groups at the indicated timepoints. Statistical significance is shown as *p, <0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 3—source data 1

Frequencies of IL-21+ Ag.pTfh (Figure 3D).

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Figure 3—source data 2

Frequencies of ICOS+ Ag.pTfh (Figure 3E).

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Figure 3—source data 3

Frequencies of Ki67+Ag.pTfh (Figure 3F).

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Figure 3—source data 4

Frequencies of IL-21+Ag.pTfh: DFD vs STD (Figure 3G).

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Figure 3—source data 5

Frequencies of ICOS+ Ag.pTfh: DFD vs STD (Figure 3H).

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Figure 3—source data 6

Frequencies of Ki67+Ag.pTfh: DFD vs STD (Figure 3I).

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Figure 4 with 4 supplements
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Frequencies of CSP-specific memory B cell subsets are greater in the DFD regimen than in the STD regimen at later time points.

PBMC were cultured for 5 days in the presence of PF-CSP and PF-16 antigens and analyzed for frequencies of B cell maturation subsets: switched memory (SM: CD20+CD10–CD27+IgD–IgG+), switched activated memory (sAM: CD20+CD10–CD21lowCD27+IgD–IgG+) and Ki67 expression on total memory (Mem: CD20+CD10–CD27+) B cells in DFD (n = 29) and STD (n = 14) regimens at T5, T6 and T7. (A–C) The scatter plots show PF-CSP-specific SM (A); sAM (B) and Ki67+(C) memory B cells. (D–F) PF-16-specific SM (D); sAM (E) and Ki67+(F) memory B cells. Data for the protected group are represented as dark blue open circles for DFD (P DFD, n = 25) and as light blue open circles for STD regimen (P STD, n = 10) and non-protected as red open circles (NP, n = 10) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over time. Statistical significance is shown as: *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 4—source data 1

PF-CSP-specific SM B cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 4A).

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Figure 4—source data 2

PF16-specific SM B cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 4D).

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Figure 4—source data 3

PF CSP switched activated memory B cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 4B).

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Figure 4—source data 4

PF 16-specific switched activated memory B cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 4E).

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Figure 4—source data 5

PF CSP-specific Ki67+ memory B cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 4C).

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Figure 4—source data 6

PF 16-specific Ki67+ memory B cells: DFD vs STD (Figure 4F).

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Figure 4—figure supplement 1
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Gating strategy for the B cell subsets.

Live (Aqua–) cells were gated from the singlets followed by gating for the CD3–CD20+B cells from live lymphocytes. Mature B cells were identified as CD10–CD20+ B cells. From the mature B cells, total memory B cells were identified as CD20+CD27+ cells. On the basis of the expression of CD21, CD27 and IgD, B cell maturation subsets were identified as naïve (CD21hiCD27–IgD+) B cells, resting memory (RM: CD21hiCD27+) activated memory B cells (AM: CD21lowCD27+) and atypical memory B cells (aMBC: CD21lowCD27–). On the basis of the IgD and IgG expression, unswitch and switch memory B cells were identified as IgD+IgG– (UM: unswitch) and IgD–IgG+ (SM: switch). Switch memory B cells in total memory, RM and AM were designated as SM, sRM and sAM, respectively, while unswitch memory B cells were designated as UM, uRM, uAM for total memory, RM and AM, respectively. All B cell subsets were gated for the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67.

Figure 4—figure supplement 2
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CD80 expression on the total B cell, RM and AM subsets.

CD80 expression was analyzed in ex vivo B cell subsets at all the timepoints by flow cytometry. Data were compared longitudinally and also between the P (green line; n = 35) and NP (red line; n = 10) groups at each timepoint. (A) Representative flow cytometry dot plot for CD80 staining of B cells. (B, D, F) Line graphs with error bars, indicating mean ± standard error of mean (SEM), for frequencies of CD80 expression on total (B), RM (D) and AM B cells (F). (C, E, G) Scatter plots comparing CD80 expression between the DFD and STD regimens at T5, T6 and T7 for total (C), RM (E) and AM (G) B cells. Data for the protected group are represented by dark blue open circles for DFD (P DFD) and by light blue open circles for the STD regimen (P STD), whereas data for the non-protected group are shown as red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over time. Differences between timepoints in P and NP and between P and NP at each timepoint are not statistically significant.

Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1

CD80 expression on B cell subsets.

(B) CD80+ B cells (% of CD20+ B cells). (C) CD80+ B cells (% of CD20+ B cells). (D) CD80+ RM B cells (% of RM B cells). (E) CD80+ RM B cells (% of RM B cells). (F) CD80+ AM B cells (% of AM B cells). (G) CD80+ AM B cells (% of AM B cells).

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Figure 4—figure supplement 3
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Higher atypical memory B cells (aMBC) at T5 and T6 in the DFD group.

PBMC were cultured for 5 days in the presence of PF-CSP and PF-16 antigens, and atypical memory B cells (aMBC) were identified as CD3–CD20+CD21lo/negCD10–CD27– by flow cytometry. (A, B) Scatter plots showing aMBC specific to PF-CSP (A) and PF-16 (B). Data from the protected group are indicated as dark blue open circles for the DFD regimen (P DFD) and as light blue open circles for the STD regimen (P STD), whereas data from the non-protected group are represented as red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood package to accommodate repeated measurements over time. Statistical significance shown as: *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 4—figure supplement 3—source data 1

Ki67+ aMBC specific to PF-CSP and PF-16.

(A) PF-CSP-specific Ki67+ aMBC (% of aMBC). (B) PF-16 specific Ki67+ aMBC (% of aMBC).

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Figure 4—figure supplement 4
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CSP-specific memory B cell subsets in P and NP subjects.

PBMC were cultured for 5 days in the presence of PF-CSP and PF-16 antigens, and B cell maturation subsets and Ki67 expression on B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Line graphs with error bars indicate mean cell frequencies ± standard errors of the mean (SEM) for B cell subsets in the P (green; n = 35) and NP (red, n = 10) subjects for (A) SM, (B) sAM and (C) Ki67+ mem B cells. (D–F) Frequencies of PF-16-specific (D) SM, (E) sAM and (F) Ki67+ mem B cells. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over time. Statistical significance is shown as: *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 4—figure supplement 4—source data 1

Mean frequencies of mory B cell subsets between P and NP subjects.

(A) Frequencies of PF-CSP-specific SM B cells (% of memory B cells). (B) Frequencies of PF-CSP-specific sAM B cells (% of AM B cells). (C) Frequencies of PF-CSP-specific Ki67+ memory B cells (% of memory B cells). (D) Frequencies of PF-16-specific SM B cells (% of memory B cells). (E) Frequencies of PF-16-specific sAM B cells (% of AM B cells). (F) Frequencies of PF-16-specific Ki67+ memory B cells (% of memory B cells).

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Figure 5 with 1 supplement
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Higher CSP-specific plasmablast and memory B cell ASC responses in the P subjects.

Spontaneous antibody secreting cells (ASC) at T0, T1, T3, and T5 were determined in unstimulated PBMC for plasmablast responses by ELISpot against PF-CSP, PF-16 and R32LR antigens. Memory B cell ASC responses were analyzed at T0, T2, T4, T5, T6 and T7 using ELISpot assay in PBMC stimulated with PF-CSP, PF-16, or R32LR antigens. Line graphs with error bars indicate mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). (A, B) Spontaneous ASC/million PBMC for the protected (P, green line, n = 33) and non-protected (NP, red line, n = 10) study groups for PF-CSP (A) and R32LR (B) antigens. (C–E) Memory B cell ASC/million PBMC for PF-CSP (C), PF-16 (D) and R32LR (E) for P and NP subjects. (F–H) Scatter plots showing memory B cells responses as ASC/million PBMC in the DFD and STD regimens at T5, T6 and T7 for PF-CSP (F), PF-16 (G) and R32LR (H) antigens. Data from the protected group are represented as dark blue open circles for DFD (P DFD) and as light blue open circles for the STD regimen (P STD), whereas data for the non-protected group are represented as red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over time. P values shown within the graph refer to significant difference between the P and NP groups at the indicated timepoints. Statistical significance shown as: *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 5—source data 1

Spontaneous ASC/million PBMC: PFCSP (Figure 5A).

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Figure 5—source data 2

Spontaneous ASC/million PBMC: R32LR (Figure 5B).

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Figure 5—source data 3

Memory B cell ELISpot: PFCSP (Figure 5C).

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Figure 5—source data 4

Memory B cell ELISpot: PF16 (Figure 5D).

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Figure 5—source data 5

Memory B cell ELISpot: R32LR (Figure 5E).

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Figure 5—source data 6

PF-CSP-specific memory B cell ELISpot: DFD vs STD (Figure 5F).

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Figure 5—source data 7

PF-16-specific memory B cell ELISpot: DFD vs STD (Figure 5G).

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Figure 5—source data 8

R32LR-specific Memory B cell ELISpot: DFD vs STD (Figure 5H).

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Figure 5—figure supplement 1
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IgG specific to PF-16, PF-CSP and R32LR in PBMC culture supernatants.

PBMC were cultured for 5 days in the presence of PF-CSP, PF-16 or R32LR antigens and total IgG was measured in the culture supernatants by ELISA. (A, C, E) Line graphs with error bars indicate mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) for the frequencies of IgG specific to PF-16 (A), PF-CSP (C) and R32LR (E). (B, D, F) Scatter plots comparing IgG levels between the DFD and STD regimens at T5, T6 and T7 specific to PF-16 (B), PF-CSP (D) and R32LR (F). Data from the protected group are represented as dark blue open circles for the DFD (P DFD) regimen and as light blue open circles for the STD regimen (P STD), whereas data for the non-protected group are respresented as red open circles (NP) for both regimens. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear mixed-effects model via Penalized Quasi-Likelihood to accommodate repeated measurements over time. Statistical significance is shown as: *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1

IgG in culture supernatants.

(A) PF-16-specific IgG (ng/ml). (B) PF-16-specific IgG compared between DFD and STD (ng/ml). (C) PF-CSP-specific IgG (ng/ml). (D) PF-CSP-specific IgG compared between DFD and STD (ng/ml). (E) R32LR-specific IgG (ng/ml). (F) R32LR-specific IgG compared between DFD and STD (ng/ml).

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/51889/elife-51889-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v3.xlsx
Figure 6 with 2 supplements
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PCA plots showing regimen-specific and protection-status differences.

PCA plots using parameters identified by machine learning as being predictive of (A) regimen differences for DFD (purple) and STD (orange) subjects and (B) protection status for protected (blue) and non-protected (red) subjects.

Figure 6—figure supplement 1
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Summary of vaccine-induced responses.

(A) Vaccine-induced immune responses by immune cluster across timepoints for frequencies of CSP- and HBs-specific B cell subsets by flow cytometry (BCF), frequencies and function of total pTfh, CSP-, HBs- and SEB-specific CD4 and pTfh data (Tfh ICC), CSP- and HBs-specific memory B cell ELISpot data (BELI), and CSP- and HBs-specific PBMC culture supernatant IgG (IGG). (B) Antigen-specificity following ex vivo stimulation of vaccine-induced responses for each assay.

Figure 6—figure supplement 2
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General workflow for the data integration approach.
Figure 7
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Identification of subjects with promising early-stage immune responses.

(A) Comparison of STD and DFD subjects in terms of their predicted outcome from early-stage (pre-dose 3) immune response data and their actual outcomes. (B) PCA using immune parameters that are predictive of regimen and protection-status as determined by machine learning. Subjects are color-coded on the basis of their classification (on the basis of early-stage [pre-dose 3] immune data) as DFD responders (DFD subjects predicted to be protected), STD responders (STD subjects predicted to be protected), and weak responders (subjects predicted to be not protected). Protection rate is shown as the percentage of subjects in each group that was found to be protected in the study.

Author response image 1
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Frequencies of dead cells in T cell and B cell compartments at T5 (6 days post dose 3).

Dead cells were gated from total CD3+ and CD20+ cells based live dead aqua staining as CD3+aqua+and CD 20+aqua+ cells. Scatter dot plots showing frequencies of dead cells for T cells (top right) and B cell (bottom right) betweeen DFD vs. STD regimen.

Author response image 2
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Trend of higher frequencies of total pTfh cells expressing IL-21 after vaccination in P subjects.

Il-21+ total pTfh cells after CSP stimulation by flow cytometry. IL-21+ pTfh cells were identified as CD4+CD45RO+CD27+CXCR5 cells.

Tables

Table 1
Parameters that are most predictive of vaccine regimen.
Cell typePhenotypeParameterWeight
B cellKi67+memory B cellsBCF.Mem.Ki67.HBs.T5100
BCF.Mem.Ki67.PF.CSP.T673
BCF.Mem.Ki67.MED.T655
BCF.Mem.Ki67.PF.CSP.T553
BCF.Mem.Ki67.PF.16.T645
sAMBCF.sAM.PF.16.T691
BCF.sAM.PF.CSP.T567
BCF.sAM.HBs.T653
SMBCF.SM.PF.CSP.T554
BCF.SM.HBs.T550
aMBCKi67BCF. aMBC.Ki67.PF.CSP.T554
BCF. aMBC.Ki67.PF.16.T548
BCF. aMBC.Ki67.HBs.T544
BCF. aMBC.Ki67.PF.CSP.T642
BCF.sAM.Ki67.PF.CSP.T540

  1. Abbreviations: sAM, switched activated memory; SM, switched memory; aMBCKi67, Ki67+atypical memory B cells; BCF, antigen-specific memory B cell responses by flow cytometry.

Table 2
Parameters that are most predictive of protection.
Cell typePhenotypeParameterWeight
B cellMemory B cell ELISpotPF.CSP.T279
PF.16.T464
PF.CSP.T553
T cellCD40L+CD4CD40L.CSP.T4100
CD40L.CSP.T657
CD40L.CSP.T252
Ag.pTfhAg.pTfh.CSP.T271
Ag.pTfh.IL.21.HBs.T460
Ag.pTfh.IL.21.CSP.T656
Ag.pTfh.IL.21.HBs.T655
Ag.pTfh.IL.21.CSP.T449
Total. pTfhTotal.pTfh.MED.T249
Total.pTfh.MED.T443
Total.pTfh.MED.T640
Ag.CD4CSP.T446
CSP.T638
MED.T642
HBs.T452

  1. Abbreviations: Ag.pTfh, antigen specific peripheral T follicular helper cells; Ag.CD4, antigen stimulated total CD4 T cells; ELIspot, memory B cell ELISpot responses; CD40L+CD4, CD40L+ CD4 T cells.

Key resources table
Reagent type
(species) or
resource		DesignationSource or
reference		IdentifiersAdditional
information
Peptide, recombinant proteinStaphylococcal enterotoxin BList Biological laboratories# 1221 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinCPG ODN 2016In-Vivogen# tlrl2006-11 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinHBs peptide poolPATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative2 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinCSP peptide poolPATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative2 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinCS repeat region protein (R32LR)GSK2 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinHBs proteinGSK2 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinCSP proteinPATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative2 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Peptide, recombinant proteinC-terminal peptide (PF-16)PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative2 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Biological sample (Homo-sapiens)Primary human mononuclear cellsGSKCryopreserved in liquid nitrogen
AntibodyAnti-human CD3 BUV 395, mouse monoclonal, Clone SK7BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_2744382; Cat# 5640015 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human ICOS BV 421, regimenenian hamster monoclonal, Clone C398.4ABiolegendRRID:AB_2562545; Cat# 3135240.156 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CXCR5 Alexa 647, rat monoclonal, Clone RF8B2BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_2737606; Cat# 5581130.625 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD8 Alexa 700, mouse monoclonal, Clone RPA-T8BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_10643765; Cat# 5614532.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CCR7 PE-CF594, mouse monoclonal, Clone 150503BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_11153301; Cat# 5623815 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD28 PE-Cy5, mouse monoclonal, Clone CD28.2BiolegendRRID:AB_314312 Cat# 3029102.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD45RO FITC, mouse monoclonal, Clone UCHL1Beckman CoulterCat# IM1247U8 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD4 PerCP-Cy5.5, mouse monoclonal, Clone L200BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_394488 Cat# 5528382.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD40L BV 605, mouse monoclonal, Clone 24–31BiolegendRRID:AB_2563832 Cat# 3108260.625 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human Ki-67 BV 711, mouse monoclonal, Clone Ki-67BiolegendRRID:AB_ 2563861 Cat# 3505161.25 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD69 APC-Cy7, mouse monoclonal, Clone FN50BiolegendRRID:AB_314849 Cat# 3109140.156 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human IL-21 PE, mouse monoclonal, Clone 12-7219-42eBioscienceRRID:AB_1582260 Cat# 12-7219-420.156 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human IFN-g PE-Cy7, mouse monoclonal, Clone B27BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_396760 Cat# 5576432.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human IgG BV 421, mouse monoclonal, Clone G18-145BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_2737665 Cat# 5625812.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD80 BV 605, mouse monoclonal, Clone 2D10BiolegendRRID:AB_11123909 Cat# 3052250.625 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human IL-21R APC, mouse monoclonal, Clone 2G1-K12BiolegendRRID:AB_2123988 Cat# 3478082.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD20 Alexa 700, mouse monoclonal, Clone 2H7BiolegendRRID:AB_493753 Cat# 3023220.625 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD38 PE, mouse monoclonal, Clone HIT2BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_395853 Cat# 5554602.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD21 PE-Cy5, mouse monoclonal, Clone Bly4BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_394028 Cat# 5510643.75 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD10 PE-Cy7, mouse monoclonal, Clone HI10ABD BiosciencesRRID:AB_400216 Cat# 3410922.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human IgD FITC, mouse monoclonal, Clone IA6-2BiolegendRRID:AB_10612567 Cat# 3482060.625 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD27 BV 650, mouse monoclonal, Clone L128BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_2744352 Cat# 5632282.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human ICOSL biotin, mouse monoclonal, Clone 2D3BiolegendRRID:AB_528729 Cat# 3094061.25 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human streptavidin BV 711, mouse monoclonalBiolegendCat# 4052410.7 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human Ki-67 PerCP-Cy5.5, mouse monoclonal, Clone B56BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_10611574 Cat# 5612842.5 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD27 PerCP-Cy5.5, mouse monoclonal, Clone MT271BioegendRRID:AB_2561906 Cat# 3564080.312 µl/test, FACS
AntibodyAnti-human CD28 unconjugated, mouse monoclonal, Clone L293BD BiosciencesRRID:AB_400197 Cat# 3409751 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Commercial assay or kitHuman IgG ELISA Quantitation SetBethyl LaboratoriesCat# E80-104IgG ELISA, PBMC culture supernatants
Chemical compound, drugBrefeldin ASigma AldrichCat# B7651-5mg10 µg/ml, PBMC stimulation
Software, algorithmFlowJoBD Bioscienceshttps://www.flowjo.com
Software, algorithmPrism 8GraphPadhttps://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/
Software, algorithmBD FACSDivaBD Bioscienceshttps://www.bdbiosciences.com/en-us/instruments/research-instruments/research-software/flow-cytometry-acquisition/facsdiva-software
OtherLIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell StainInvitrogenL349570.5 µl/ml, FACS

Additional files

Supplementary file 1

Supplementary file 1A. Summary of vaccine-induced immune measures. Abbreviations: Spontaneous antibody secreting cell ELSIPOT (AELI), CSP- and HBs-specific B cell subsets by flow cytometry (BCF), frequencies and function of total pTfh, CSP-, HBs- and SEB-specific CD4 and pTfh data (Tfh ICC), CSP- and HBs-specific memory B cell ELISpot data (BELI), CSP- and HBs-specific PBMC culture supernatant IGG (IgG).

Supplementary file 1B. Parameters most predictive of protection using the early-response (pre-Dose 3) immune data.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/51889/elife-51889-supp1-v3.docx
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https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/51889/elife-51889-transrepform-v3.docx

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  1. Suresh Pallikkuth
  2. Sidhartha Chaudhury
  3. Pinyi Lu
  4. Li Pan
  5. Erik Jongert
  6. Ulrike Wille-Reece
  7. Savita Pahwa
(2020)
A delayed fractionated dose RTS,S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses
eLife 9:e51889.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51889