Symptom evolution following the emergence of maize streak virus
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
- University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Makerere University, Uganda
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
- CIRAD, Réunion
- University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
- University of the Western Cape, South Africa
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
- Arizona State University, United States
Abstract
For pathogens infecting single host species evolutionary trade-offs have previously been demonstrated between pathogen-induced mortality rates and transmission rates. It remains unclear, however, how such trade-offs impact sub-lethal pathogen-inflicted damage, and whether these trade-offs even occur in broad host-range pathogens. Here, we examine changes over the past 110 years in symptoms induced in maize by the broad host-range pathogen, maize streak virus (MSV). Specifically, we use the quantified symptom intensities of cloned MSV isolates in differentially resistant maize genotypes to phylogenetically infer ancestral symptom intensities and check for phylogenetic signal associated with these symptom intensities. We show that whereas symptoms reflecting harm to the host have remained constant or decreased, there has been an increase in how extensively MSV colonizes the cells upon which transmission vectors feed. This demonstrates an evolutionary trade-off between amounts of pathogen-inflicted harm and how effectively viruses position themselves within plants to enable onward transmission.
Data availability
All data and R code used for analyses in this study are available on the following public repository:https://github.com/sdellicour/msv_symptom_evolution
-
Data From: Symptom evolution following the emergence of maize streak virusGitHub, msv_symptom_evolution.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
Swedish Institute (00448/2014)
- Adérito L Monjane
European Union (PIOF-GA-2013-622571)
- Philippe Roumagnac
European Research Council (725422-ReservoirDOCS)
- Philippe Lemey
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G066215N)
- Philippe Lemey
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G0D5117N)
- Philippe Lemey
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G0B9317N)
- Philippe Lemey
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (-)
- Simon Dellicour
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (-)
- Simon Dellicour
South African National Research Foundation (-)
- Kehinde A Oyeniran
The World Academy of Sciences (-)
- Kehinde A Oyeniran
European Union: European Regional Development Found (-)
- Pierre Lefeuvre
Conseil Regional de la Reunion (-)
- Pierre Lefeuvre
Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (-)
- Pierre Lefeuvre
South African National Research Foundation (TTK1207122745)
- Gordon W Harkins
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Copyright
© 2020, Monjane et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
Metrics
-
- 3,337
- views
-
- 320
- downloads
-
- 16
- citations
Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife.
Download links
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
Symptom evolution following the emergence of maize streak virus
eLife 9:e51984.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51984
Further reading
-
- Evolutionary Biology
- Genetics and Genomics
Evolutionary arms races can arise at the contact surfaces between host and viral proteins, producing dynamic spaces in which genetic variants are continually pursued. However, the sampling of genetic variation must be balanced with the need to maintain protein function. A striking case is given by protein kinase R (PKR), a member of the mammalian innate immune system. PKR detects viral replication within the host cell and halts protein synthesis to prevent viral replication by phosphorylating eIF2α, a component of the translation initiation machinery. PKR is targeted by many viral antagonists, including poxvirus pseudosubstrate antagonists that mimic the natural substrate, eIF2α, and inhibit PKR activity. Remarkably, PKR has several rapidly evolving residues at this interface, suggesting it is engaging in an evolutionary arms race, despite the surface’s critical role in phosphorylating eIF2α. To systematically explore the evolutionary opportunities available at this dynamic interface, we generated and characterized a library of 426 SNP-accessible nonsynonymous variants of human PKR for their ability to escape inhibition by the model pseudosubstrate inhibitor K3, encoded by the vaccinia virus gene K3L. We identified key sites in the PKR kinase domain that harbor K3-resistant variants, as well as critical sites where variation leads to loss of function. We find K3-resistant variants are readily available throughout the interface and are enriched at sites under positive selection. Moreover, variants beneficial against K3 were also beneficial against an enhanced variant of K3, indicating resilience to viral adaptation. Overall, we find that the eIF2α-binding surface of PKR is highly malleable, potentiating its evolutionary ability to combat viral inhibition.
-
- Evolutionary Biology
- Genetics and Genomics
It is well established that several Homo sapiens populations experienced admixture with extinct human species during their evolutionary history. Sometimes, such a gene flow could have played a role in modulating their capability to cope with a variety of selective pressures, thus resulting in archaic adaptive introgression events. A paradigmatic example of this evolutionary mechanism is offered by the EPAS1 gene, whose most frequent haplotype in Himalayan highlanders was proved to reduce their susceptibility to chronic mountain sickness and to be introduced in the gene pool of their ancestors by admixture with Denisovans. In this study, we aimed at further expanding the investigation of the impact of archaic introgression on more complex adaptive responses to hypobaric hypoxia evolved by populations of Tibetan/Sherpa ancestry, which have been plausibly mediated by soft selective sweeps and/or polygenic adaptations rather than by hard selective sweeps. For this purpose, we used a combination of composite-likelihood and gene network-based methods to detect adaptive loci in introgressed chromosomal segments from Tibetan WGS data and to shortlist those presenting Denisovan-like derived alleles that participate to the same functional pathways and are absent in populations of African ancestry, which are supposed to do not have experienced Denisovan admixture. According to this approach, we identified multiple genes putatively involved in archaic introgression events and that, especially as regards TBC1D1, RASGRF2, PRKAG2, and KRAS, have plausibly contributed to shape the adaptive modulation of angiogenesis and of certain cardiovascular traits in high-altitude Himalayan peoples. These findings provided unprecedented evidence about the complexity of the adaptive phenotype evolved by these human groups to cope with challenges imposed by hypobaric hypoxia, offering new insights into the tangled interplay of genetic determinants that mediates the physiological adjustments crucial for human adaptation to the high-altitude environment.
