Comparison of induced neurons reveals slower structural and functional maturation in humans than in apes

Abstract

We generated induced excitatory neurons (iNeurons, iNs) from chimpanzee, bonobo and human stem cells by expressing the transcription factor neurogenin‑2 (NGN2). Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) showed that genes involved in dendrite and synapse development are expressed earlier during iNs maturation in the chimpanzee and bonobo than the human cells. In accordance, during the first two weeks of differentiation, chimpanzee and bonobo iNs showed repetitive action potentials and more spontaneous excitatory activity than human iNs, and extended neurites of higher total length. However, the axons of human iNs were slightly longer at 5 weeks of differentiation. The timing of the establishment of neuronal polarity did not differ between the species. Chimpanzee, bonobo and human neurites eventually reached the same level of structural complexity. Thus, human iNs develop slower than chimpanzee and bonobo iNs and this difference in timing likely depends on functions downstream of NGN2.

Data availability

Sequencing data for single cells have been deposited in ArrayExpress under the accession code E-MTAB-9233 and under Mendeley Data with doi: 10.17632/y3s4hnyvg6. To make our scRNAseq data accessible to the neuroscience community, we provide a ShinyApp-based web browser for data exploration, called iNeuronExplorer. https://bioinf.eva.mpg.de/shiny/iNeuronExplorer/ Morphological data for neurons and a custom made script for analysis have been deposited in GitHub under the URL: https://github.com/BenjaminPeter/schornig_ineuron.

The following data sets were generated
    1. Kanton S
    (2020) iNeuronExplorer
    MPI EVA webbrowser, shiny/iNeuronExplorer/.
The following previously published data sets were used

Article and author information

Author details

  1. Maria Schörnig

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  2. Xiangchun Ju

    Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  3. Luise Fast

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  4. Sebastian Ebert

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  5. Anne Weigert

    Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  6. Sabina Kanton

    Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  7. Theresa Schaffer

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzg, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  8. Nael Nadif Kasri

    Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  9. Barbara Treutlein

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  10. Benjamin Marco Peter

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-2526-8081
  11. Wulf Hevers

    Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-1881-5913
  12. Elena Taverna

    Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
    For correspondence
    elena_taverna@eva.mpg.de
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-2430-4725

Funding

This work was supported by the Max Planck Society.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Ethics

Human subjects: For this study we used three human (hiPS409-B2, SC102A1, HmRNA), three chimpanzee (SandraA, JoC, ciPS01) and one bonobo (BmRNA) iPS cell lines and one additional human ES cell line (H9). The human iPSC lines hiPS409-B2 and SC102A1 were purchased from the Riken BRC Cellbank and System Biosciences, respectively. The human iPSCs line HmRNA (generated in this study) was reprogrammed from human dermal fibroblasts using the StemMACS mRNA transfection kit. The cell line was validated for pluripotency markers by immunohistochemical staining using the Human Pluripotent Stem Cell 3-Colour Immunohistochemistry Kit and were differentiated into the three different germ layers using the Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Functional Identification kit and StemMACS Trilineage Differentiation Kit. Karyotyping was carried out using Giemsa banding at the Stem Cell Engineering facility, a core facility of CMCB at Technische Universität Dresden. Karyotypes were found to be normal. The human ES cell line H9 was purchased from WiCell. The chimpanzee iPSC lines SandraA and JoC as well as the bonobo iPSCs line BmRNA were generated in a previous study (Kanton et al., Nature, 2019). The chimpanzee iPSCs ciPS01 line was provided by the Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin.The rtT A/Ngn2-positive iPSCs/ESCs hiPS409-B2_Ngn2, SandraA_Ngn2, BmRNA_Ngn2, H9_Ngn2, SC102A1_Ngn2, HmRNA_Ngn2, ciPS01_Ngn2 and JoC_Ngn2 were generated using lentiviral vectors to stably integrate the transgenes into the genome of the stem cells and differentiate the stem cells into neurons as previously described by Frega et al., Jove, 2017.Our cultures were regularly controlled for mycoplasma.Permission to work with human and non-human primate iPSC lines and Ngn2-inducible cell lines was obtained through the Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft (Az.: 55-8811.72/26, Az.: 55-8811.72/26/350). The use of human ESCs was approved by the ethics committee of the Robert Koch Institut (https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesund/Stammzellen/Register/reg-20161027-Paeaebo.html).

Copyright

© 2021, Schörnig et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

Metrics

  • 7,106
    views
  • 718
    downloads
  • 45
    citations

Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife.

Download links

A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.

Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)

Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)

Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)

  1. Maria Schörnig
  2. Xiangchun Ju
  3. Luise Fast
  4. Sebastian Ebert
  5. Anne Weigert
  6. Sabina Kanton
  7. Theresa Schaffer
  8. Nael Nadif Kasri
  9. Barbara Treutlein
  10. Benjamin Marco Peter
  11. Wulf Hevers
  12. Elena Taverna
(2021)
Comparison of induced neurons reveals slower structural and functional maturation in humans than in apes
eLife 10:e59323.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59323

Share this article

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59323

Further reading

    1. Cancer Biology
    2. Developmental Biology
    Sara Jaber, Eliana Eldawra ... Franck Toledo
    Research Article

    Missense ‘hotspot’ mutations localized in six p53 codons account for 20% of TP53 mutations in human cancers. Hotspot p53 mutants have lost the tumor suppressive functions of the wildtype protein, but whether and how they may gain additional functions promoting tumorigenesis remain controversial. Here, we generated Trp53Y217C, a mouse model of the human hotspot mutant TP53Y220C. DNA damage responses were lost in Trp53Y217C/Y217C (Trp53YC/YC) cells, and Trp53YC/YC fibroblasts exhibited increased chromosome instability compared to Trp53-/- cells. Furthermore, Trp53YC/YC male mice died earlier than Trp53-/- males, with more aggressive thymic lymphomas. This correlated with an increased expression of inflammation-related genes in Trp53YC/YC thymic cells compared to Trp53-/- cells. Surprisingly, we recovered only one Trp53YC/YC female for 22 Trp53YC/YC males at weaning, a skewed distribution explained by a high frequency of Trp53YC/YC female embryos with exencephaly and the death of most Trp53YC/YC female neonates. Strikingly, however, when we treated pregnant females with the anti-inflammatory drug supformin (LCC-12), we observed a fivefold increase in the proportion of viable Trp53YC/YC weaned females in their progeny. Together, these data suggest that the p53Y217C mutation not only abrogates wildtype p53 functions but also promotes inflammation, with oncogenic effects in males and teratogenic effects in females.

    1. Developmental Biology
    Mengjie Li, Aiguo Tian, Jin Jiang
    Research Advance

    Stem cell self-renewal often relies on asymmetric fate determination governed by niche signals and/or cell-intrinsic factors but how these regulatory mechanisms cooperate to promote asymmetric fate decision remains poorly understood. In adult Drosophila midgut, asymmetric Notch (N) signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal by promoting ISC differentiation into enteroblast (EB). We have previously shown that epithelium-derived Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) promotes ISC self-renewal by antagonizing N pathway activity (Tian and Jiang, 2014). Here, we show that loss of BMP signaling results in ectopic N pathway activity even when the N ligand Delta (Dl) is depleted, and that the N inhibitor Numb acts in parallel with BMP signaling to ensure a robust ISC self-renewal program. Although Numb is asymmetrically segregated in about 80% of dividing ISCs, its activity is largely dispensable for ISC fate determination under normal homeostasis. However, Numb becomes crucial for ISC self-renewal when BMP signaling is compromised. Whereas neither Mad RNA interference nor its hypomorphic mutation led to ISC loss, inactivation of Numb in these backgrounds resulted in stem cell loss due to precocious ISC-to-EB differentiation. Furthermore, we find that numb mutations resulted in stem cell loss during midgut regeneration in response to epithelial damage that causes fluctuation in BMP pathway activity, suggesting that the asymmetrical segregation of Numb into the future ISC may provide a fail-save mechanism for ISC self-renewal by offsetting BMP pathway fluctuation, which is important for ISC maintenance in regenerative guts.