Reconsidering the evidence for learning in single cells
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, United States
- Center for Brains, Mind and Machines, MIT, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, United States
- Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University at New Brunswick, United States
Figures
Figure 1
News story about Beatrice Gelber from the Tucson Daily Citizen October 19, 1960.
© 1960, USA TODAY NETWORK. This image is not covered by the CC-BY 4.0 licence and may not be separated from the article.
Figure 2
Design of experiments reported in Gelber, 1952.
In Experiment 1 (top), one group of Paramecia was exposed to intermittent training trials in which a wire was coated with bacteria (every 3rd trial during the training phase). This group acquired a conditioned response to the clean wire, as measured by adherence to the wire in final test trials. In contrast, an untrained group did not show a conditioned response. Experiment 2 (bottom) demonstrated that the wire by itself did not drive conditioned responding.
Tables
Table 1
Molecules/pathways known to be involved in learning and memory, with homologues in ciliates.
| Molecules/pathways known to be involved in learning/memory | Ciliates with reported homologues | References |
|---|---|---|
| N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) | P. primaurelia (only partial sequences) | Ramoino et al., 2014 |
| Glutamate receptor | P. tetraurelia | Van Houten et al., 2000 |
| Calmodulin | P. tetraurelia | Plattner and Verkhratsky, 2018 |
| cAMP | P. tetraurelia | Plattner and Verkhratsky, 2018 |
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase | P. tetraurelia | Plattner and Verkhratsky, 2018 |
| Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) | P. caudatum | Wada and Watanabe, 2007 |
| Protein kinase C (PKC) | T. thermophilia | Hegyesi and Csaba, 1994 |
| Calcineurin | P. tetraurelia | Plattner and Verkhratsky, 2018 |
| DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) | T. thermophilia | Gutiérrez et al., 2000 |
| Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) | T. thermophilia | Vavra et al., 1982 |
| Histone deacetylases (HADCs) | T. thermophilia | Wiley et al., 2005 |
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Reconsidering the evidence for learning in single cells
eLife 10:e61907.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.61907
