(A) Overview of scAAVengr experimental workflow. An AAV library, consisting of variants packaged with a GFP transgene fused to unique barcodes (AAV-barcodes), was packaged, pooled, quantified by …
(A) Highly diverse (~1E + 7) libraries of AAV capsid variants were packaged such that each virus contained a genome encoding its own capsid. Libraries were pooled and injected intravitreally in …
The directed evolution plasmid library was used to package the directed evolution AAV library. Following screening in dogs, a subset of top-performing AAVs was repackaged as the DE subset library. A …
(A) Intravitreal injection of GFP-barcode library in three dogs resulted in transgene expression 3 weeks after injection. (B) Imaging of GFP in a cross-section through the superior quadrant of the …
AAV-barcodes amplified from the ONL and RPE were subjected to Illumina sequencing to quantify the representation of each of the variants. Heat maps show the performance of variants, ranked on the …
(A) AAV-infected marmoset retinal cells. Maps of clustered cells from superior, inferior or macular retina show AAV infection. Cells of similar type cluster together. The cell type of each cluster …
For directed evolution secondary screening experiments, performed in bulk tissue from dogs, 20 vectors, along with an AAV2 control, were packaged individually with a ubiquitous CAG promoter driving …
(A) Percent of cells infected by AAV serotypes in marmoset and cynomolgus macaque retina. Heat maps show the percent of identified cells infected by each serotype in the screen, corrected by the AAV …
Marmoset 1-Superior-Percent cells.
Marmoset 1-Inferior-Percent cells.
Marmoset 1-Macula cells.
Marmoset 1-Superior-Transcripts.
Marmoset 1-Inferior-Transcripts.
Marmoset 1-Macula-Transcripts.
Marmoset 2-Superior-Percent cells.
Marmoset 2-Inferior-Percent cells.
Marmoset 2-Macula cells.
Marmoset 2-Superior-Transcripts.
Marmoset 2-Inferior-Transcripts.
Marmoset 2-Macula-Transcripts.
Cyno-Peripheral-Percent cells.
Cyno-Macula cells.
Cyno-Peripheral-Transcripts.
Cyno-Macula-Transcripts.
Heat maps show the number of cells infected by each serotype of virus, across retinal regions, in marmosets and cynomolgus macaque. Percent of cells infected is shown in Figure 3. Numbers are …
(A) Scatter plots reveal that K912 is the overall best performing canine variant across retinal regions, while NHP26 is the best performing primate DE variant. Plots show the number of transcripts …
(A) Upset plots show that multiple AAV serotypes can infect the same retinal cell, although the majority of retinal cells are infected by the top performing variants. Plots are shown across multiple …
(A–G) GFP expression in a cynomolgus macaque injected with ~2.6E + 12 vg of K912-scCAG-GFP. (A) GFP expression in a flatmounted cynomolgus macaque retina 2.5 months after injection. (B) GFP …
Intravitreal injection of K912-scCAG-GFP results in GFP expression in the central macaque retina. Expression results in bright expression in a perifoveal ring, and in punctate regions around retinal …
(A) Maps of clustered AAV-infected cells from brain, heart, and liver. The cell type of each cluster is indicated by color. AAV-infected cells are shown in black. Maps are shown for cells processed …
(A) Percent of cells infected by AAV serotypes. Heat maps show the percent of identified cells infected by each serotype in the screen, corrected by the AAV dilution factor, for each retinal cell …
Brain-Percent cells.
Brain-Transcripts.
Brain FACS-Percent cells.
Brain FACS-Transcripts.
Heart-Percent cells.
Heart-Transcripts.
Heart FACS-Percent cells.
Heart FACS-Transcripts.
Liver-Percent cells.
Liver-Transcripts.
Liver FACS-Percent cells.
Liver FACS-Transcripts.
Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strain, strain background (Escherichia coli) | NEB 5-alpha | NEB | C2987H | Competent cells |
Strain, strain background (Escherichia coli) | MegaX DH10B T1 | ThermoFisher | C640003 | Electrocompetent cells |
Strain, strain background (Mus musculus) | C57Bl/6 J | Jackson Laboratories | Stock No: 000664RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664 | |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | 293AAV | Cell Biolabs | AAV-100RRID:CVCL_KA64 | |
Cell line (Homo-sapiens) | HEK293T | ATCC | CRL-1573RRID:CVCL_0045 | |
Antibody | Lectin PNA (Peanut agglutinin) | Molecular Probes | L32459RRID:AB_2315178 | (1:200) |
Antibody | Anti-GFP, (rabbit polyclonal) | Thermofisher Scientific | A11122RRID:AB_221569 | (1:250) |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pX601-AAV-CMV::NLS-SaCas9-NLS-3xHA-bGHpA;U6::BsaI-sgRNA | Addgene | Plasmid #61591RRID:Addgene_61591 | A single vector AAV-Cas9 system containing SaCas9 and its sgRNA |
Recombinant DNA reagent | scCAG-eGFP-Barcode-bghPolyA | This paper | Byrne Lab, see materials and methods, under GFP barcoded AAV library construction. | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | AAV libraries | References: ~ 588 peptide insertion library (Müller et al., 2003), AAV2-Loopswap library (Koerber et al., 2008) AAV2-ErrorProne library (Koerber et al., 2006) SCHEMA library (Ojala et al., 2018). | ||
Commercial assay or kit | QuickTiter AAV Quantitation Kit | Cell biolabs | VPK-145 | AAV quantification kit |
Commercial assay or kit | Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit | Qiagen | Cat. No. / ID: 69504 | DNA extraction kit |
Commercial assay or kit | AllPrep DNA/RNA Micro Kit | Qiagen | Cat. No. / ID: 80284 | DNA/RNA extraction kit |
Commercial assay or kit | Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit for postnatal neurons | MACS Miltenyi | 130-094-802 | Retina dissociation kit |
Commercial assay or kit | Adult Brain Tissue Dissociation Kit | MACS Miltenyi | 130-107-677 | Brain dissociation kit |
Commercial assay or kit | Multi Tissue Dissociation Kit 2 | MACS Miltenyi | 130-110-203 | Heart dissociation kit |
Commercial assay or kit | Liver Dissociation Kit | MACS Miltenyi | 130-105-807 | Liver dissociation kit |
Commercial assay or kit | ChromiumNext GEMSingle Cell 3‘Reagent Kits v3 | 10x Genomics | PN-1000075, PN-1000073, PN-120262 | |
Commercial assay or kit | ChromiumNext GEMSingle Cell 3‘Reagent Kits v3.1 (Dual Index) | 10x Genomics | PN-1000268, PN-1000120, PN-1000215 | |
Commercial assay or kit | Targeted Gene Expression Reagent Kit | 10x Genomics | PN-1000248, PN-1000249 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Cyclosporine | GENGRAF | 6 mg/kg | |
Chemical compound, drug | Meloxicam | Vivlodex | 0.2 mg/kg | |
Chemical compound, drug | Triamcinolone Acetonide (Kenalog 40) | Bristol-Myers Squibb | ||
Software, algorithm | STARsolo | A.Dobin et al., STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 29, 15–21 (2013). | RRID:SCR_021542 | v2.7 |
Software, algorithm | Cell Ranger | 10x Genomics | RRID:SCR_017344 | v3 |
Software, algorithm | DropletUtils | A.T. L. Lun et al., EmptyDrops: distinguishing cells from empty droplets in droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing data. Genome Biol 20, 63 (2019). | v1.4.3 | |
Software, algorithm | SoupX | M.D. Young, S. Behjati, SoupX removes ambient RNA contamination from droplet based single cell RNA sequencing data. bioRxiv, (2020). | RRID:SCR_019193 | v0.3.1 |
Software, algorithm | SCDS | A.S. Bais, D. Kostka, scds: computational annotation of doublets in single-cell RNA sequencing data.Bioinformatics 36, 1150–1158 (2020). | RRID:SCR_021541 | v1.0.0 |
Software, algorithm | Scran | Lun ATL, McCarthy DJ, Marioni JC. A step-by-step workflow for low-level analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data with Bioconductor. F1000Research 5: 2122 (2016). | RRID:SCR_016944 | v1.12.1 |
Software, algorithm | ALRA | G.C. Linderman, J. Zhao, Y. Kluger, Zero-preserving imputation of scRNA-seq data using low-rank approximation. bioRxiv, (2018). | RRID:SCR_021540 | v1.0 |
Software, algorithm | Scanpy | F.A. Wolf, P. Angerer, F. J. Theis, SCANPY: large-scale single-cell gene expression data analysis. GenomeBiol 19, 15 (2018). | RRID:SCR_018139 | v1.4.4.post1 |
Software, algorithm | Scanorama | Hie B, Bryson B, Berger B. Efficient integration of heterogeneous single-cell transcriptomes using Scanorama. Nature Biotechnology 37: 685–691 (2019). | RRID:SCR_021539 | v1.2 |
Software, algorithm | Salmon | R.Patro, G. Duggal, M. I. Love, R. A. Irizarry, C. Kingsford, Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. Nat Methods 14, 417–419 (2017). | RRID:SCR_017036 | v0.9.1 |
Software, algorithm | CRISPResso2 | Clement K, Rees H, Canver MC, Gehrke JM, Farouni R, Hsu JY, Cole MA, Liu DR, Joung JK, Bauer DE, Pinello L. CRISPResso2 provides accurate and rapid genome editing sequence analysis. Nature Biotechnology 37: 224–226 (2019). | RRID:SCR_021538 | v2.0.34 |
Table with Summary of injections performed in dogs and primates.
AAV selection rounds in canines 2b and 5b were repeated selections of the previous rounds, which did not result in the amplification of AAV variants.
Statistical Analysis.
A. Friedman’s test was conducted to determine differences across AAV variants. The test was run separately for each cell type as well as total cells combined. Marmoset and cynomolgus macaque samples were both used in the analysis (n = 8). Significant P-values < 0.05 are shown in bold red. S2.1 p-values resulting from a Friedman’s test using percent cells infected as the data points. Significant P-values < 0.05 are shown in bold red. S2.2 p-values resulting from a Friedman’s test using average transcripts per infected cell as the data points. Significant P-values < 0.05 are shown in bold red.
p-values from a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
A one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for a pairwise comparison between K912 or NHP26 and the other variants. P-values were corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg correction method. Significant P-values < 0.05 are shown in bold red. S3.1 p-values resulting from a one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test using percent cells infected as the data points, comparing NHP12 and other variants. S3.2 p-values resulting from a one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test using percent cells infected as the data points, comparing NHP26 and other variants. S3.3 p-values resulting from a one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test using average transcripts per infected cell as the data points, comparing K912 and other variants. S3.4 p-values resulting from a one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test using average transcripts per infected cell as the data points, comparing NHP26 and other variants.
List of primers used in the study.