Barbara H Stokes
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Satish K Dhingra
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Kelly Rubiano
Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. louis, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Sachel Mok
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New Yok, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Judith Straimer
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Nina F Gnädig
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Ioanna Deni
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Kyra A Schindler
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Jade R Bath
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Kurt E Ward
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Josefine Striepen
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Tomas Yeo
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Leila S Ross
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Eric Legrand
Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Frédéric Ariey
Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Clark H Cunningham
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Issa M Souleymane
Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Programme National de, Ndjamena, Chad
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Adama Gansané
de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Centre National, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko
Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Claudette Ndayikunda
Parasitology, University Teaching Hospital of Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Abdunoor M Kabanywanyi
Parasitology, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Kenya
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Aline Uwimana
Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Samuel J Smith
National Malaria Control Programme, National Malaria Control Programme, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Olimatou Kolley
National Malaria Control Program, National Malaria Control Program, Banjul, Gambia
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Mathieu Ndounga
Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Marian Warsame
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Rithea Leang
National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
François Nosten
Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Timothy Anderson
Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Philip J Rosenthal
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Didier Ménard
Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
David A Fidock
Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI109023)
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1910086)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1201387)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R37 AI048071)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32 AI106711)
World Health Organization
World Health Organization
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Human subjects: Health care facilities were in charge of collecting anonymized P. falciparum positive cases. Identification of individuals cannot be established. The studies were approved by ethics committees listed in Supplementary file 1. We note that the sponsors had no role in the study design or in the collection or analysis of the data. There was no confidentiality agreement between the sponsors and the investigators.
© 2021, Stokes et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.