Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer screening indicators in a Spanish population-based program: a cohort study
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
Background: To assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on performance indicators in the population-based breast cancer screening program of Parc de Salut Mar (PSMAR), Barcelona, Spain.
Methods: We conducted a before-and-after, study to evaluate participation, recall, false-positives, the cancer detection rate, and cancer characteristics in our screening population from March 2020 to March 2021 compared with the four previous rounds (2012-2019). Using multi-level logistic regression models, we estimated the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of each of the performance indicators for the COVID-19 period, controlling by type of screening (prevalent or incident), socioeconomic index, family history of breast cancer, and menopausal status. We analyzed 144,779 invitations from 47,571 women.
Results: During the COVID-19 period, the odds of participation were lower in first-time invitees (aOR=0.90[95%CI=0.84-0.96]) and in those who had previously participated regularly and irregularly (aOR=0.63 [95%CI=0.59-0.67] and aOR=0.95 [95%CI=0.86-1.05], respectively). Participation showed a modest increase in women not attending any of the previous rounds (aOR=1.10 [95%CI=1.01-1.20]). The recall rate decreased in both prevalent and incident screening (aOR=0.74 [95%CI 0.56-0.99] and aOR=0.80 [95%CI 0.68-0.95], respectively). False positives also decreased in both groups (prevalent aOR=0.92 [95%CI 0.66-1.28] and incident aOR=0.72 [95%CI 0.59-0.88]. No significant differences were observed in compliance with recall (OR= 1.26, 95%CI 0.76-2.23), cancer detection rate (aOR=0.91 [95%CI=0.69-1.18]) or cancer stages.
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected screening attendance, especially in previous participants and newcomers. We found a reduction in recall and false-positives and no marked differences in cancer detection, indicating the robustness of the program. There is a need for further evaluations of interval cancers and potential diagnostic delays.
Funding: This study has received funding by grantsPI19/00007 and PI21/00058, funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Union and Grant RD21/0016/0020 funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and by the European Union NextGenerationEU, Mecanismo para la Recuperación y la Resiliencia (MRR).
Data availability
Source data form all tables and figures can be found in the following Dataset:BOSCH, GUILLERMO, 2022, "Breast cancer screening program invitations (2012-2021)", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VVQNWM, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:CaW3sEp4tMsg13z2I1eZbQ== [fileUNF]Data from "Impact on covid19 dataset invited women.sav" was used in tables 1 and 2 and figures 1,2 and 3. Data from "cancer characteristics database.tab" was used in table 3.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00007)
- Margarita Posso
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI21/00058)
- Guillermo Bosch
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI21/00058)
- Javier Louro
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI21/00058)
- Marta Roman
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI21/00058)
- Francesc Macià
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Reviewing Editor
- Talía Malagón, McGill University, Canada
Ethics
Human subjects: Due to the retrospective nature of the study and the absence of direct contact with women, which did not affect their relationship with the program, informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of PSMAR, which approved the study (reg.2021/9866). The study guaranteed Spain's legal regulations on data confidentiality (law 15/99 of December 13 on the protection of personal data).
Version history
- Received: January 29, 2022
- Preprint posted: March 7, 2022 (view preprint)
- Accepted: June 9, 2022
- Accepted Manuscript published: June 10, 2022 (version 1)
- Version of Record published: June 21, 2022 (version 2)
Copyright
© 2022, Bosch et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer screening indicators in a Spanish population-based program: a cohort study
eLife 11:e77434.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.77434
Further reading
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- Epidemiology and Global Health
- Medicine
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease
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Background:
The Zanzibar archipelago of Tanzania has become a low-transmission area for Plasmodium falciparum. Despite being considered an area of pre-elimination for years, achieving elimination has been difficult, likely due to a combination of imported infections from mainland Tanzania and continued local transmission.
Methods:
To shed light on these sources of transmission, we applied highly multiplexed genotyping utilizing molecular inversion probes to characterize the genetic relatedness of 282 P. falciparum isolates collected across Zanzibar and in Bagamoyo district on the coastal mainland from 2016 to 2018.
Results:
Overall, parasite populations on the coastal mainland and Zanzibar archipelago remain highly related. However, parasite isolates from Zanzibar exhibit population microstructure due to the rapid decay of parasite relatedness over very short distances. This, along with highly related pairs within shehias, suggests ongoing low-level local transmission. We also identified highly related parasites across shehias that reflect human mobility on the main island of Unguja and identified a cluster of highly related parasites, suggestive of an outbreak, in the Micheweni district on Pemba island. Parasites in asymptomatic infections demonstrated higher complexity of infection than those in symptomatic infections, but have similar core genomes.
Conclusions:
Our data support importation as a main source of genetic diversity and contribution to the parasite population in Zanzibar, but they also show local outbreak clusters where targeted interventions are essential to block local transmission. These results highlight the need for preventive measures against imported malaria and enhanced control measures in areas that remain receptive to malaria reemergence due to susceptible hosts and competent vectors.
Funding:
This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, grants R01AI121558, R01AI137395, R01AI155730, F30AI143172, and K24AI134990. Funding was also contributed from the Swedish Research Council, Erling-Persson Family Foundation, and the Yang Fund. RV acknowledges funding from the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (reference MR/R015600/1), jointly funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), under the MRC/FCDO Concordat agreement and is also part of the EDCTP2 program supported by the European Union. RV also acknowledges funding by Community Jameel.
