Urotensin II-related peptides, Urp1 and Urp2, control zebrafish spine morphology

  1. Elizabeth A Bearce
  2. Zoe H Irons
  3. Johnathan R O'Hara-Smith
  4. Colin J Kuhns
  5. Sophie I Fisher
  6. William E Crow
  7. Daniel T Grimes  Is a corresponding author
  1. Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, United States
5 figures, 2 tables and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1 with 3 supplements
Urp1 and Urp2 are dispensable for axial straightening.

(A) urp1 and urp2 are 5-exon genes (gray boxes). The final exon codes for the 10-amino acid peptides produced after cleavage from the prodomain at a dibasic site (KR). Pairs of gRNAs were used to induce deletions of Urp1 and Urp2 peptide coding sequences, resulting in urp1∆P and urp2∆P mutants, respectively. SP – signal peptide. (B) Urp1 and Urp2 peptide sequences with identical hexacyclic regions. (C) Zebrafish posterior axial straightening, the morphogenetic process which straightens the embryonic body. (D) Fluorescence in situ hybridization based on hybridization chain reaction analysis of pkd2l1, urp1, and urp2 expression in the central canal at 28 hpf. pkd2l1 expression marks CSF-cNs. urp1 expression is restricted to ventral CSF-cNs while urp2 is expressed in all CSF-cNs. Both urp1 and urp2 are expressed in cfap298tm304 and sspob1446 mutants, though comparison of expression between samples was non-quantitative. (i) Shows the zebrafish trunk with the yolk stalk labeled (*). (ii) Shows zoomed regions taken at the rostro-caudal level at the end of the yolk stalk. Scale bars: 150 µm (i), 10 µm (ii). (E) Lateral views of 28–30 hpf germline mutants (i) and crispants (ii). The urp1∆P;urp2∆P double mutants are maternal zygotic (MZ) mutants. Sibling (sib) and Cas9-only injected embryos served as controls. All embryos were incubated at 28°C, which is a restrictive temperature for cfap298tm304. (F) Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of urp1 and urp2 mRNA expression levels in cfap298tm304 and sspob1446 mutants at 28 hpf. n>3 biologically independent samples. Bars represent mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed student’s t test used to calculate p-values. (G) Schematic of crispant generation and body curve analysis. (H) Quantitation of crispant body curves where bars represent mean ± s.d. for at least three independent clutches and injection mixes. The total number of embryos analyzed is given. *p<0.0001, student’s t test applied. UI – uninjected.

Figure 1—source data 1

Raw data for qRT-PCR and crispant body angle measurements.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/83883/elife-83883-fig1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Urotensin family peptides.

(A) Successive rounds of genome duplications (*) and divergence converted an ancient urotensin protein (U) into the urotensin II (UII) and urotensin II-related (URP) proteins, some of which have subsequently been lost. (B) The UII and URP proteins in zebrafish and human are 8–12 amino acid peptides with a fully conserved hexacyclic region of sequence CFWKYC.

Figure 1—figure supplement 2
Generation of urp1∆P and urp2∆P mutants.

(A–B) Pairs of guide RNAs (gRNAs) were used to delete genomic regions coding for the Urp1 and Urp2 peptides. The urp1b1420 (urp1∆P) allele encodes a 279 bp deletion and 1 base pair insertion that removes a portion of intron 4–5 and the coding part of exon 5 including the entire region coding for the Urp1 peptide. The urp2b1421 (urp2∆P) allele encodes a 61 base pair deletion which removes the region coding for the Urp2 peptide. Red arrows show the location of gRNA sites (1–4) used to generate crispants. Green arrows show the location of PCR primers used to amplify regions around gRNA sites. (C–D) T7E1 assays show significant mutagenesis at urp1 (C) and urp2 (D) loci in crispant embryos. Embryos were injected with Cas9 only (−) or Cas9 plus gRNAs 1–4 (+) then, at 1 dpf, DNA was extracted and regions amplified using the indicated primer pairs. PCR product from crispant embryos showed wider bands, indicating insertion-deletion (indel) mutations, as well as deletion bands (white arrow head), indicating large deletions between two gRNA sites. After PCR, product was purified and subjected to digestion with T7E1, which cleaves heteroduplex DNA. Little or no cleavage was observed in Cas9 only injected embryos, but significant digestion was found in Cas9 + gRNA injected embryos (dashed lines), indicating that indels had been created. Small amounts of T7E1 digestion products in Cas9 only embryos were likely due to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms between chromosomes. (E) Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of urp1 and urp2 mRNA expression levels in urp1∆P and urp2∆P single and double mutants at 28 hpf. n>3 biologically independent samples. Bars represent mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed student’s t test was used to calculate p-values. (F) Quantitation of crispant body curves where bars represent mean ± s.d. for at least three independent clutches and injection mixes. The total number of embryos analyzed is given. *p<0.001, student’s t test applied. UI – uninjected. cfap – cfap298.

Figure 1—figure supplement 3
Generation of sspob1446 mutants.

(A) Schematic of zebrafish SCOspondin protein showing domain architecture based on Troutwine et al., 2020. VWD – von Willebrand factor type D domain; C8 – C8 domain; TIL – trypsin inhibitor like cysteine rich domain; LDLrA – low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain; TSP1 – thrombospondin type 1 domain; FA58C – coagulation factor 5/8 C-terminal domain. In sspob1446 mutants, a genomic deletion results in a frame shift mutation at Valine 147 resulting in an early premature truncation codon. (B) The sspob1446 mutant line harbors a large deletion and a downstream small deletion which disrupt exons 4 and 5 causing the early truncation of Sspo.

Figure 2 with 11 supplements
Urp1 and Urp2 are required for proper adult spine morphology.

(A–C) Lateral views of microcomputed tomography reconstitutions of wild-type (A), urp1∆P;urp2∆P (B) and uts2r3b1436 (C) mutants at 3 mpf. (D) Cobb angle measurements for individual fish in the sagittal plane for urp1∆P;urp2∆P and uts2r3b1436 mutants. Circles represent angles for individual curves. (E-E’) Total Cobb angles with each circle representing an individual fish. The mean ± s.d. is shown. (G’) is the data from G parsed for sex. p-Values are given from two-tailed unpaired student’s t tests. (F) The position of curve apex is plotted and shows that most curves are in caudal vertebrae. n=9 and 8 for urp1∆P;urp2∆P and uts2r3b1436 mutants, respectively.

Figure 2—source data 1

Raw data from spinal curve phenotypic measurements.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/83883/elife-83883-fig2-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Phenotyping spinal curves.

(A) Lateral views of adult zebrafish. (B) Cobb angles were measured from lateral views of microcomputed tomography reconstitutions. Right angles are assigned parallel to the rostral and caudal face of the first and last displaced vertebra, respectively, and the external angle is taken at their intersection. The angle was assigned to its most displaced apex vertebra (cyan asterisk) in heat map representations. Note that displaced vertebrae do not always demonstrate an easily identifiable wedge in intervertebral space, as is typical in human data. In these cases, the first or last vertebrae of the curve is designated as ‘least parallel’ to the local orientation of the spine. (C) The position of curve apex is plotted for cfap298tm304 mutants and cfap298tm304;urp1∆P;urp2∆P triple mutants (triple) alongside urp1∆P;urp2∆P and uts2r3b1436 mutants for comparison. See also Figure 2F. (D) Cobb angle measurements for individual fish in the sagittal plane for cfap298tm304 and cfap298tm304;urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants. Circles represent angles for individual curves. (E) Total Cobb angles with each circle representing an individual fish. The mean ± s.d. is shown. p-Values are given from two-tailed unpaired student’s t tests.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Raw data from spinal curve phenotypic measurements.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/83883/elife-83883-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
Spinal curves in urp1∆P, urp2∆P, urp1∆P;urp2∆P, and pkd2l1icm02 mutants degenerate with age.

(A–B) Lateral views of microcomputed tomography reconstituted skeletons at 3 mpf (A) and 12 mpf (B) show curves worsen with age. All fish shown are female. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 2—figure supplement 3
Generation of uts2r3b1436 mutants.

The uts2r3b1436 allele was generated with a single-guide RNA which induced a deletion of 534 base pairs, resulting in an in-frame 178 amino acid deletion that removes around half the protein including transmembrane regions.

Figure 2—video 1
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf wild-type male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary. The adult zebrafish spine comprised 4 Weberian vertebrae (largely obscured by the Weberian apparatus), 10 abdominal or precaudal vertebrae, 15 caudal vertebrae, and 3–4 caudal fin vertebrae. The centra exhibit an aspect ratio of approximately one, with ends aligned perpendicular to the long axis.

Figure 2—video 2
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf urp1∆P male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Figure 2—video 3
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf urp2∆P male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary. Mutants demonstrate a slight caudal curve and a hook in the caudal fin vertebrae.

Figure 2—video 4
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf urp1∆P;urp2∆P male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary. Mutants exhibited planar dorsal-ventral curves in the caudal vertebrae.

Figure 2—video 5
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 12-mpf wild-type male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Figure 2—video 6
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 12-mpf urp1∆P male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Figure 2—video 7
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 12-mpf urp2∆P male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Figure 2—video 8
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf uts2r3b1436 male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary. Mutants exhibited planar dorsal-ventral curves in the caudal vertebrae.

Figure 3 with 3 supplements
urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants exhibit adolescent-onset spinal curves without significant structural vertebral defects.

(A) Lateral views of control fish and age-matched urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants. Arrows point to forming body curves. (B) Traces of body shape every 2 days for 5 fish per time point from 3 to 17 dpf. (C) Growth curves for control and urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants were indistinguishable. Arrow shows time of curve onset. Mean ± s.d. is plotted. (D) Microcomputed tomography (µCT) reconstitutions of spines at 1 mpf with heads, fins, and ribs digitally removed. Scale bar: 1 mm. (E) µCT reconstitutions of three pre-caudal and two caudal vertebrae including frontal and lateral views of the highlighted vertebra. No major structural defects such as fusions were observed in urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants. (F) Vertebral body rostral-caudal length (L1/L2) and dorsal-ventral height (H1/H2) aspect ratios for six vertebrae of wild type (n=4) and urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants (n=4). Length aspect ratios were significantly more variable in mutants, but height aspect ratios were unchanged (p=0.022 and 0.745, respectively, Bartlett’s test for equal variances). (G) Calcein staining revealed well-structured vertebrae forming in control (standard length 5.7 mm) and urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutant (standard length 5.7 mm) fish. n>30 fish per condition.

Figure 3—source data 1

Raw data from larval growth measurements and vertebral quantitation.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/83883/elife-83883-fig3-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Spinal curves are variable in 1 mpf urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants.

(Ai-Bi) Dorsal and lateral views of microcomputed tomography (µCT) reconstitutions of wild type and urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants at 1 mpf. (Aii-Bii) Lateral views of additional examples of µCT reconstitutions. The position of curve apex is variable, with 5 of 7 urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants exhibiting pre-caudal curves. Note that dorsal fins were digitally dissected for clarity. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 3—video 1
Time course of juvenile development in wild-type and urp1∆P;urp2∆P siblings.

Fish were imaged every other day over a 2.5-week period.

Figure 3—video 2
Vertebral reconstitutions from wild-type, urp1∆P;urp2∆P and uts2r3b1436 adults.

Alternating vertebrae are shown at 25% transparency to highlight subtle vertebral shape defects, including a reduced length and slight changes to length aspect ratios.

Figure 4 with 5 supplements
urp1∆P;urp2∆P mutants and cfap298tm304 mutants are phenotypically distinct.

(A–D) Lateral views of microcomputed tomography (µCT) reconstitutions of wild-type (A), cfap298tm304 mutants (B), urp1∆P;urp2∆P double mutants (C), and cfap298tm304;urp1∆P;urp2∆P triple mutants (D). All fish shown are female. Scale bar: 10 mm. (E) Total Cobb angles with each circle representing an individual fish. The mean ± s.d. is shown. p-Values are given from two-tailed unpaired student’s t tests. U — urp1∆P;urp2∆P double mutants; C — cfap298tm304 mutants; UC — cfap298tm304;urp1∆P;urp2∆P triple mutants. (Fi) Dorsal views of µCT reconstitutions with ribs and fins removed. Scale bar: 5 mm. (Fii) Quantitation of degree of lateral curvature for wild type (n=5) and urp1∆P;urp2∆P (n=8), uts2r3b1436 (n=3), cfap298tm304 (n=3), and cfap298tm304;urp1∆Purp2∆P (n=6) mutants. y-axis is the arbitrary units.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Analysis of lateral curvature.

Dorsal views of microcomputed tomography reconstituted spines from wild type and mutants at 3 mpf. Asterisks refer to spines shown in Figure 4Fi. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 4—video 1
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf cfap298tm304 male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary. Mutants develop severe three-dimensional spinal curves in precaudal and caudal vertebrae.

Figure 4—video 2
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf cfap298tm304;urp1∆P;urp2∆P male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Figure 4—video 3
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 3-mpf pkd2l1icm02 male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Figure 4—video 4
Three-dimensional reconstitution of a 12-mpf pkd2l1icm02 male zebrafish.

Scans were performed using an 18-µm voxel resolution. Surface reconstructions were performed using a threshold of 3200, scales were digitally removed where necessary.

Reissner fiber (RF) breakdown in cfap298tm304 mutants but not urotensin-deficient mutants.

(A–F) Grayscale maximal intensity projection of Sspo-GFP localization in the central canal in 28 hpf embryos (A–C) and 12 dpf adolescents (D–F). RF is denoted by arrow heads in D and F. Arrows point to structures along the central canal that become GFP-positive in cfap298tm304 and uts2r3b1436 mutants. Scale bar: 10 µm. (G) Schematic of temperature shift experiment in which cfap298tm304 mutants are initially raised at permissive temperatures before being shifted to restrictive temperatures at 6 dpf, then imaged at 12 dpf. (H–I) Lateral views of cfap298tm304 (H) and uts2r3b1436 (I) mutants at 12 dpf when Sspo-GFP imaging took place. The white box in H shows the location imaged in D–F.

Tables

Appendix 1—key resources table
Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional information
Commercial assay, kitDNA Clean and Concentrator KitZymo ResearchCat no: D4013
Commercial assay, kitRNA Clean and Concentrator KitZymo ResearchCat no: R1016
Commercial assay, kitDirect-zol RNA MiniPrep KitZymo ResearchCat no: R2050
Commercial assay, kitGeneJET Gel Extraction KitThermo Fisher ScientificCat no: K0691
Commercial assay, kitHigh Capacity RNA-to-cDNA KitThermo Fisher ScientificCat no: 4387406
Commercial assay, kitMEGAshortscript T7 Transcription KitThermo Fisher ScientificCat no: AM1354
Commercial assay, kitHiScribe T7 High Yield
RNA Synthesis Kit
New England BiolabsCat no: E2040
Commercial assay, kitFS DNA Library Prep
Kit for Illumina
New England BiolabsCat no: E7805
Commercial assay, kitHCR-RNA FISH
Hybridization Buffer
Molecular Instruments
Commercial assay, kitT7 Endonuclease INew England BiolabsCat no: E3321
Commercial assay, kitHCR-RNA FISH
Amplification Buffer
Molecular Instruments
Commercial assay, kitAlexaFluor-647 HairpinsMolecular Instruments
Commercial assay, kitAlexaFluor-546 HairpinsMolecular Instruments
Commercial assay, kitAlexaFluor-488 HairpinsMolecular Instruments
Commercial assay, kiturp1 HCR-RNA FISH probeMolecular InstrumentsProject-specific design
Commercial assay, kiturp2 HCR-RNA FISH probeMolecular InstrumentsProject-specific design
Commercial assay, kitpkd2l1 HCR-RNA FISH probeMolecular InstrumentsProject-specific design
Commercial assay, kitTaq PolymeraseNew England BiolabsCat no: M0273
Commercial assay, kitTURBO DNaseThermo Fisher ScientificCat no: AM2238
Commercial assay, kitPhusion High-Fidelity
DNA Polymerase
New England BiolabsCat no: M0530
Commercial assay, kitPhusion High-Fidelity
PCR Master Mix
New England BiolabsCat no: M0531
Commercial assay, kitSYBR Green PCR Master MixThermo Fisher ScientificCat no: 4309155
Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)AB strainUniversity of Oregon
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)WIK strainUniversity of Oregon
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)TU strainUniversity of Oregon
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)cfap298tm304 lineJaffe et al., 2016ZDB-FISH-150901–23024
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)pkd2l1icm02 lineSternberg et al., 2018ZDB-FISH-160811–9
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)sspob1446 lineThis studyFigure 1—figure supplement 3
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)sspo-GFPut24 lineTroutwine et al., 2020ZDB-FISH-190313–20
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)urp1b1420 lineThis studyFigure 1—figure supplement 2
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)urp2b1421 lineThis studyFigure 1—figure supplement 2
Strain, strain background (D. rerio)uts2r3b1436 lineThis studyFigure 2—figure supplement 3
Software, algorithm3D SlicerFedorov et al., 2012
Software, algorithmIMARIS 9.9Oxford Instruments
Software, algorithmNIS-ElementsNikon Instruments Inc
Software, algorithmZEN SoftwareCarl Zeiss AG
Software, algorithmQuantStudio Design
and Analysis Software
Applied Biosystems
Software, algorithmIntegrated Genome
Viewer (version 2.13.1)
Robinson et al., 2011
Sequence-based reagentBottom strand ultramer_1This studyTail ultramer for generating singe gRNA oligosAAAAGCACCGACTCG
GTGCCACTTTTTC
AAGTTGATAACGGACT
AGCCTTATTTT
AACTTGCTAT
Sequence-based reagenturp1_gRNA_1This studygRNA_1 oligo for generating urp1b1420 linetaatacgactcactataGGCGT
TGGTCAGCCTGACAT
gttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagenturp1_gRNA_2This studygRNA_2 oligo for generating urp1b1420 linetaatacgactcactataGGG
TCCTCTGTCCATCTCCG
gttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA_1This studygRNA_1 oligo for generating urp2b1421 linetaatacgactcactataGGCA
GATGGAGAAAGATTGA
gttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA_2This studygRNA_2 oligo for generating urp2b1421 linetaatacgactcactataGGC
GTTTGCAGAAATCAGCG
gttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagentuts2r3_gRNAThis studygRNA oligo for generating uts2r3b1436 linetaatacgactcactataGGG
TGAAGGGGAAGAGAAGA
gttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagentsspo_gRNA_1This studygRNA_1 oligo for generating sspob1446 linetaatacgactcactataGGT
CCCCAGTGGTCCGCG
GTgttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagentsspo_gRNA_2This studygRNA_2 oligo for generating sspob1446 linetaatacgactcactataGGCAC
AGTGTGTGAGACCAG
gttttagagctagaa
Sequence-based reagentBottom strand ultramer_2This studyTail ultramer for generating multiplexed gRNA oligosAAAAGCACCGACTCGG
TGCCACTTTTTC
AAGTTGATAA
CGGACTAGCCTTATT
TTAACTTGCTATTTC
TAGCTCTAAAAC
Sequence-based reagenturp1_F0_gRNA_1Wu et al., 2018gRNA_1 oligo for generating urp1 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACTAT
AGGAAAGTGAAGAT
CGCGGCCGTTTTAG
AGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp1_F0_gRNA_2Wu et al., 2018gRNA_2 oligo for generating urp1 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGACACGG
CTCTGCC
ACAACGTTTTAGA
GCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp1_F0_gRNA_3Wu et al., 2018gRNA_3 oligo for generating urp1 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACTA
TAGGTTCAGAAGC
TGGTAGCAGGTTTTA
GAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp1_F0_gRNA_4Wu et al., 2018gRNA_4 oligo for generating urp1 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGGAAAATAAAT
AACATGGTGTTTTA
GAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp2_F0_gRNA_1Wu et al., 2018gRNA_1 oligo for generating urp2 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACTA
TAGGTGACTGTCGC
TTCAATCGGTTTTAG
AGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp2_F0_gRNA_2Wu et al., 2018gRNA_2 oligo for generating urp2 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGGACATTTCCT
GACGGAGAGTTTTA
GAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp2_F0_gRNA_3Wu et al., 2018gRNA_3 oligo for generating urp2 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACTA
TAGGTGGACACGA
GGAGACCGAGTTTT
AGAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagenturp2_F0_gRNA_4Wu et al., 2018gRNA_4 oligo for generating urp2 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGTCACCAGGTAG
TGACGGAGTTTTAG
AGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentsspo_F0_gRNA_1Wu et al., 2018gRNA_1 oligo for generating sspo F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGTTCGTCCCC
AGTGGTCCGGTTTT
AGAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentsspo_F0_gRNA_2Wu et al., 2018gRNA_2 oligo for generating sspo F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGAAACGG
CCGTCAGTGTCGGT
TTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentsspo_F0_gRNA_3Wu et al., 2018gRNA_3 oligo for generating sspo F0 embryosTAATACGACTCAC
TATAGGTGTTGC
AACACCAACCGGGT
TTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentsspo_F0_gRNA_4Wu et al., 2018gRNA_4 oligo for generating sspo F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGAGCCTAGACC
TGCTCACGGTTTTA
GAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentcfap298_F0_gRNA_1Wu et al., 2018gRNA_1 oligo for generating cfap298 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCAC
TATAGGTTCTCTT
CAACACTACGGGT
TTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentcfap298_F0_gRNA_2Wu et al., 2018gRNA_2 oligo for generating cfap298 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCAC
TATAGGGCTCC
ACAATCTGATCATG
TTTTAGAGCTA
GAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentcfap298_F0_gRNA_3Wu et al., 2018gRNA_3 oligo for generating cfap298 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCAC
TATAGGCATTC
TTATTGGATCATGG
TTTTAGAGCTA
GAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentcfap298_F0_gRNA_4Wu et al., 2018gRNA_4 oligo for generating cfap298 F0 embryosTAATACGACTCACT
ATAGGTCTCTGG
CAGGTGCGCCCGTT
TTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC
Sequence-based reagentpkd2l1_geno_1Sternberg et al., 2018pkd2l1icm02 genotyping oligo 1TGTGTGCTAGG
ACTGTGGGG
Sequence-based reagentpkd2l1_geno_2Sternberg et al., 2018pkd2l1icm02 genotyping oligo 2AGGGCAAGAGAA
TGGCAAGACG
Sequence-based reagenturp1_geno_1This Studyurp1b1420 genotyping oligo 1GCACCCAAAAT
CCAACGACT
Sequence-based reagenturp1_geno_2This Studyurp1b1420 genotyping oligo 2TGTATGGGGAA
AACAAAGGCA
Sequence-based reagenturp2_geno_1This Studyurp2b1421 genotyping oligo 1TTGGGGTTGT
AACAGGTAGTG
Sequence-based reagenturp2_geno_2This Studyurp2b1421 genotyping oligo 2AACAAGGAAGA
CGCTGCAAG
Sequence-based reagentuts2r3_geno_1This Studyuts2r3b1436 genotyping oligo 1ATGGATCCCC
TGATGTCCTG
Sequence-based reagentuts2r3_geno_2This Studyuts2r3b1436 genotyping oligo 2TCGAACTCTGC
TCATCCCAG
Sequence-based reagentsspo_geno_1This Studysspob1446 genotyping oligo 1CGCAAACACTT
CCACTTCCA
Sequence-based reagentsspo_geno_2This Studysspob1446 genotyping oligo 2TTGAAGCCAGATGT
AAAGGATGAGTGT
Sequence-based reagenturp1_gRNA1+2_T7E1_FThis StudyForward primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsGACAGCGCAC
CCTTAATTGT
Sequence-based reagenturp1_gRNA1+2_T7E1_RThis StudyReverse primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsACATTTAGCCTT
AACAAGCACAA
Sequence-based reagenturp1_gRNA3+4_T7E1_FThis StudyForward primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsCAGACAAGGG
AACAGAGAGGA
Sequence-based reagenturp1_gRNA3+4_T7E1_RThis StudyReverse primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsCCACTGCTTTTA
AATCATCCACC
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA1_T7E1_FThis StudyForward primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsATCTTAGAGG
CGCATTGGTG
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA1_T7E1_RThis StudyReverse primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsGCATGAGGCG
GTTTGTTTTG
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA2+3_T7E1_FThis StudyForward primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsTGAAGCAACT
GAGGAGCAAA
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA2+3_T7E1_RThis StudyReverse primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsACAGTACAGTT
CAGCACACCT
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA4_T7E1_FThis StudyForward primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsTGACCTATACATC
AAAGCCAAGG
Sequence-based reagenturp2_gRNA4_T7E1_RThis StudyReverse primer to amplify genomic DNA for T7E1 assay in crispantsCCTGGGCTGA
TCATACCTCT
Sequence-based reagentrpl13_qPCR_FThis StudyForward primer for quantitative RT-PCRTAAGGACGGAG
TGAACAACCA
Sequence-based reagentrpl13_qPCR_RThis StudyReverse primer for quantitative RT-PCRCTTACGTCTGC
GGATCTTTCTG
Sequence-based reagenturp1_qPCR_FThis StudyForward primer for quantitative RT-PCRACATTCTGG
CTGTGGTTTG
Sequence-based reagenturp1_qPCR_RThis StudyReverse primer for quantitative RT-PCRGTCCGTCTTCA
ACCTCTGCTAC
Sequence-based reagenturp2_qPCR_FThis StudyForward primer for quantitative RT-PCRAGAGGAAACA
GCAATGGACG
Sequence-based reagenturp2_qPCR_RThis StudyReverse primer for quantitative RT-PCRTGTTGGTTTTG
GTTGACG
Author response table 1
3-months12-monthsPosition of curve
urp1∆Pno curvesmild D/V curvesMostly caudal
urp2∆Pmild D/V curvesintermediate D/V curvesMostly caudal
urp1∆P;urp2∆Psevere D/V curvessevere D/V curvesMostly caudal
uts2r3b1436severe D/V curvessevere D/V curvesMostly caudal
cfap298tm304severe 3D curvessevere 3D curvesCaudal and pre-caudal
pkd2l1icm02no curvesvery mild D/V curvesMostly pre-caudal

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  1. Elizabeth A Bearce
  2. Zoe H Irons
  3. Johnathan R O'Hara-Smith
  4. Colin J Kuhns
  5. Sophie I Fisher
  6. William E Crow
  7. Daniel T Grimes
(2022)
Urotensin II-related peptides, Urp1 and Urp2, control zebrafish spine morphology
eLife 11:e83883.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83883