Brain imaging and behavioral analysis reveal two opposing states of hunger, represented by anti-correlated lateral and caudal hypothalamic dynamics that are important for the homeostatic control of feeding in zebrafish.

A communication pathway linking memory processing and feeding behavior exists between the gut hormone ghrelin, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin.

The long-term retention of extinction is enhanced by ontogenetic stimulation of locus coeruleus neurons applied during extinction of a reward-seeking response, further implicating noradrenaline in appetitive extinction.

The hypothalamic parasubthalamic nucleus can be subdivided into two distinct populations, one of which decreases food consumption and is necessary for the full appetite-suppressing effects of anorexigenic hormones.

A single mutation in acetyl-CoA carboxylase blocking AMPK regulation inhibits food intake in mice in response to cold exposure or fasting causing them to lose weight.

A novel and distinct cholecystokinin brain circuit critically modulates food intake and body weight.

Closed-loop pairing of taste stimuli with optogenetic activation of neurons encoding either reward or punishment reveals that flies can form both appetitive and aversive taste memories that impact their future behavioral responses to tastes.

Two different classes of taste receptor neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster proboscis play distinct roles in yeast feeding and are both modulated by the fly's internal amino acid state in order to promote protein-specific appetite.

A recurrent reward circuit in Drosophila, comprised of specific dopamine neurons and a single class of mushroom body output neurons, transforms a nascent memory trace into a stable long-term memory.

Specific memories can be stored through changes in the postsynaptic cholinergic receptor composition at Drosophila mushroom body synapses.