Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals neural representations of decision confidence unfolding prior to explicit perceptual choices, in a region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex typically linked to reward processing and value-based decisions.

Changes in physiological arousal – as revealed by pupil dilation and heart rate – shape our confidence in decisions about uncertain perceptual information.

Neural confidence signals can take the role of reward signals and explain perceptual learning without external feedback as a form of internal reinforcement learning.

People's confidence in information and their neural correlates in key regions of the social brain are more stable when tracking social advice compared to non-social information.

Neural coding of previous-trial confidence affects current decision policy.

A single framework of bounded evidence accumulation resolves the seemingly paradoxical effects of noise on accuracy, reaction time and confidence.

Computational modeling, and empirical behavioral and EEG results show that learning relies not only on comparing current events to past experience, but integrates response-based outcome predictions and confidence.

Intra-individual variability in choice, response time, subjective effort, confidence, and choice-induced preference change and certainty gain is explained by a cost–benefit model of cognitive resource allocation.

Initial confidence and choice in a decision, and their potential revision, arise from a common mechanism that challenges models that claim confidence and decision processes are dissociated.

Neural processes for perception and confidence can be separated thanks to computational electroencephalography, thus revealing a neural circuit specific to metacognition.