Increased theta/alpha band activities within the habenula area and the prefrontal cortex, as well as the increased synchrony between the two structures in the same frequency band can serve as an indicator for negative emotions in humans.

Interconnected ventral tegmental area and medial prefrontal cortex circuits causally link dopamine dynamics, aversive learning, and the effects of a promising rapidly acting antidepressant ketamine.

Placing the PACAP/PAC1 signaling within glutamate/GABA cell type and subregional contexts in mouse brain reveals its conspicuous role for sensorimotor circuit interaction through modulating neuronal plasticity.

Whole-brain mapping of the basal forebrain circuits reveals a connection diagram with highly convergent inputs and divergent outputs.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) exhibit that the excitability of the basal ganglia can govern the trade off between exploiting available resources or exploring alternative courses of action.

Whole-brain quantitative input-output circuits of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the mouse dorsal and median raphe nuclei were mapped using viral tracing and high-resolution optical imaging.

The unexpected absence of danger is experienced as a pleasurable relief and activates reward-related brain regions in humans, highlighting an overlap in the processing of absent danger and rewards.

While the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex learn about threats through verbal warnings, the amygdala learns only from direct experience, suggesting that the amygdala forms part of a specialized threat detection system.

Molecular and spatial profiling methods idenified five neuronal subtypes that are distributed along the anteroposterior axis of the paraventricular thalamus, a structure increasingly implicated in the control of emotional and motivated behaviors.

Oxytocin, a peptide linked to the processing of socially meaningful stimuli, modulates excitatory synaptic transmission in dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area via retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, acting as a pathway-specific temporal filter for synaptic inputs.