A novel, translational mouse model of prenatal methadone exposure was developed and a longitudinal assessment of offspring revealed impairments in physical, behavioral, and neuronal development.

Greater early developmental growth, as indexed by birth weight, relates to greater cortical volume and area in a stable way through the human lifespan.

The primary rhythm generators controlling respiration are integrated in a much larger network of brain regions, including areas not typically considered to be respiratory control centers, and that allow respiration to be adapted to all forms of ongoing behavior.