Co-expression of xenopsin and rhabdomeric opsin in photoreceptors bearing microvilli and cilia

Abstract
Data availability
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Abstract

Ciliary and rhabdomeric opsins are employed by cells differing fundamentally in structure and molecular physiology, such as ciliary vertebrate rods and cones and protostome microvillar eye photoreceptors. We report unprecedented cellular co-expression of rhabdomeric opsin and a visual pigment of the recently described xenopsins in larval eyes of a mollusk. The photoreceptors bear both microvilli and cilia and express orthologs to transporters for microvillar and ciliary opsin trafficking. Highly conserved but distinct gene structures suggest that xenopsins and ciliary opsins are of independent origin, irrespective of their mutually exclusive distribution in animals.Furthermore, we propose that frequent opsin gene loss had big influence on evolution, organization and function of brain and eye photoreceptor cells in bilaterian animals. Presence of xenopsin in eyes of even different design might be due to common origin and initial employment in a highly plastic photoreceptor cell type of mixed microvillar/ciliary organization.

Data availability

The following data sets were generated

(2017) Leptochiton asellus xenopsin gDNA
MF133514.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133514
(2017) Platynereis dumerilii ciliary-opsin gDNA
MF133515.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133515
(2017) Owenia fusiformis xenopsin1 cds
MF133511.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133511
(2017) Owenia fusiformis xenopsin2 cds
MF133512.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133512
(2017) Owenia fusiformis xenopsin3 cds
MF133513.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133513
(2017) Leptochiton asellus ADP ribosylation factor 4A cds
MF133503.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133503
(2017) Leptochiton asellus ADP ribosylation factor 4B cds
MF133504.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133504
(2017) Leptochiton asellus Rab11 family-interacting protein 3
MF133505.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133505
(2017) Leptochiton asellus regulatory factor X cds
MF133506.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133506
(2017) Leptochiton asellus Forkhead box J1 cds
MF133507.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133507
(2017) Leptochiton asellus myosin VIIa cds
MF133508.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133508
(2017) Leptochiton asellus retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator cds
MF133509.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133509
(2017) Leptochiton asellus Ras-related protein Rab-8
MF133510.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF133510
(2017) Echinoplana celerrima xenopsin
BK010203.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010203
(2017) Prostheceraeus vittatus xenopsin A
BK010204.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010204
(2017) Stylochus ellipticus xenopsin A
BK010205.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010205
(2017) Prosthiostomum siphunculus xenopsin
BK010206.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010206
(2017) Prostheceraeus vittatus xenopsin B1
BK010207.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010207
(2017) Prostheceraeus vittatus xenopsin B2
BK010208.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010208
(2017) Stylochus ellipticus xenopsin BA
BK010209.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010209
(2017) Lineus longissimus GO-opsin
BK010210.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK010210

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Article and author information

Author details

Oliver Vöcking

Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

For correspondence
voecking@pitt.edu

Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Ioannis Kourtesis

Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Sharat Chandra Tumu

Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Harald Hausen

Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

For correspondence
harald.hausen@uib.no

Competing interests
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

"This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-2788-2835

Funding

Universitetet i Bergen

Harald Hausen

Norges Forskningsråd

Harald Hausen

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Copyright

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.