A novel twelve class fluctuation test reveals higher than expected mutation rates for influenza A viruses
Abstract
Influenza virus' low replicative fidelity contributes to its capacity for rapid evolution. Clonal sequencing and fluctuation tests have suggested that the influenza virus mutation rate is 2.7x10-6 - 3.0x10-5 substitutions per nucleotide per strand copied (s/n/r). However, sequencing assays are biased toward mutations with minimal fitness impacts and fluctuation tests typically investigate only a subset of all possible single nucleotide mutations. We developed a fluctuation test based on reversion to fluorescence in a set of virally encoded mutant green fluorescent proteins, which allowed us to measure the rates of selectively neutral mutations representative of the twelve different mutation types. We measured an overall mutation rate of 1.8x10-4 s/n/r for PR8 (H1N1) and 2.5x10-4 s/n/r for Hong Kong 2014 (H3N2) and a transitional bias of 2.7-3.6. Our data suggest that each replicated genome will have an average of 2-3 mutations and highlight the importance of mutational load in influenza virus evolution.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI118886)
- Adam S Lauring
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (CSDA 2013105)
- Adam S Lauring
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32 GM007544)
- Matthew D Pauly
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Reviewing Editor
- Karla Kirkegaard, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
Version history
- Received: March 1, 2017
- Accepted: June 9, 2017
- Accepted Manuscript published: June 9, 2017 (version 1)
- Version of Record published: July 14, 2017 (version 2)
Copyright
© 2017, Pauly et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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