(A) Schematic illustration of APP C99 cleavage by PSH. PSH cleaves C99 and releases an AICD fragment and Aβ peptides. The epitope of the PSH specific antibody 6F4 in the loop between TMD6 and TMD7 …
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of cleavage assay (Source data for Figure 1B, C).
Calculated and observed masses for Aβ species in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Source data for Figure 1D).
Representative MALDI-TOF MS spectrum of PSH cleavage assay in DDM micelles in the presence of L-685,458 from four independent biological replicates. The intensity of the highest peak was set to 100%.
(A) Analysis of PSH activity in DDM micelles and POPC vesicles after incubation with C100-His6 substrate at 37 °C overnight by immunoblotting for AICD (Y188) and Aβ (2D8). Immunoblotting of PSH …
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of cleavage assays (Source data for Figure 2A, B).
Calculated and observed masses for Aβ, and AICD species in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Source data for Figure 2C and D).
The differences between calculated and observed masses for AICD species arise from different adducts as specified in the respective tables. The GSI controls in Figure 2—figure supplement 2B show that the observed peaks are specific for AICD species derived from PSH cleavage.
(A) Fluorometric analysis of gel filtration fractions of PSH-containing POPC vesicles with rhodamine-DHPE as fluorescent marker lipid. A representative graph from three independent biological …
Raw values of measured fluorescence intensity (Source data for Figure 2—figure supplement 1A).
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of PSH reconstitution (Source data for Figure 2—figure supplement 1B).
(A, B) MALDI-TOF MS analysis of Aβ (A) and AICD (B) species from PSH cleavage assays in DDM micelles and POPC vesicles in the presence of L-685–458 at pH 7.0. Representative mass spectra from four …
(A) Analysis of PSH activity in DDM and POPC environment after incubation with C83-His6 and C100-His6 substrates at 37 °C and pH 7.0 by immunoblotting for AICD (penta-His) and p3 (Aβ (22-35)). …
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of cleavage assays (Source data for Figure 3A).
Raw values of p3 and Aβ concentrations measured in the ECL-IA and calculated p3-40/p3-42 and Aβ40/Aβ42 ratios (Source data for Figure 3B, C).
(A) Alignment of the modeled holo form (model 2) of PSH (blue) with APP C83 substrate (orange) and the crystal structure of PSH (PDB 4HYG) in the apo form (green) in side view (left panel) and top …
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of cleavage assays (Source data for Figure 4E).
(A) Alignment of the three modeled holo forms of PSH in side view (left panel) and top view (right panel). (B) RMSD values between the available crystal structures (PDB 4HYG and 4Y6K) and the three …
Active site motifs including the catalytic aspartate residues (red) are highlighted in bold. The β2-strands of γ-secretase and PSH are indicated as orange arrows and residues that were mutated in …
(A) PSH with bound C83 substrate (model 2) embedded in a DDM micelle environment (upper panel) and a POPC bilayer (lower panel). (B) The average number of H-bonds formed between the β3-strand of C83 …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 5B–E).
(A) The backbone RMSD of PSH of different models in DDM (red) and POPC (blue) averaged over three trajectories. The black dashed line indicates an RMSD of 4 Å. (B) Enlarged representation of …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 5—figure supplement 1A, B).
(A–C) Secondary structure of PSH TMD6a (orange) and surrounding residues of model 1 (A), model 2 (B), and model 3 (C) in DDM micelle (top) and POPC bilayer (bottom) environments over the simulation …
(A) Structural comparison of model 2 (blue) and 3 (gray). TMD6a is spatially closer to the C83 substrate in model 2. (B) Comparison of the backbone RMSFs of PSH model 2 (blue) and 3 (gray) in POPC …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 5—figure supplement 3B, C).
(A) Hydrophobic interactions between PSH regions and the C83 substrate. The right panel shows an enlarged view of the interaction of a hydrophobic patch (gray surface) of TMD6a with V50 and L52 of …
(A, B) Interactions between TMD6a of PS1 and substrate residues near the scissile bond(s) in the C83-bound (A) and Notch1 (N100)-bound (B) γ-secretase cryo-EM structures (PDB 6IYC and PDB 6IDF, …
(A) Structures of DDM and POPC. (B) Calculated lipid order parameters SCH of the acyl chains of DDM (red) and POPC (sn-1 blue, sn-2 black). Data are represented as mean ± SD (n=3 trajectories). (C) …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 6—figure supplement 2B, C).
(A) PSH with bound C83 substrate embedded in a DDM micelle environment (225 DDM molecules). (B) Calculated lipid order parameters SCH of the acyl chains of DDM in small (red, 150 molecules) and …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 6—figure supplement 3B-G).
(A) RMSD of the WT (blue) and the mutated systems M172K (violet), I173K (green), L175K (gray), and A176K (orange) in the POPC bilayer environment. The solid, dashed, and dotted lines represent three …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 7A–E).
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of cleavage assays (Source data for Figure 7F).
Secondary structure of PSH TMD6a (orange) and surrounding residues bearing lysine mutants in POPC bilayer environments over simulation time calculated using DSSP.
(A) Histograms of the Cγ-Cγ distances between the D162 and D220 of PSH measured in DDM micelle (red) and POPC bilayer (blue) environments. The dashed line indicates the distance of 7 Å. The measured …
Raw values of simulation data analysis (Source data for Figure 8A and Figure 8—figure supplement 1A-C).
Immunoblot images (raw and annotated) of inhibitor precipitation assay and cleavage assays (Source data for Figure 8C, E-G).
Raw values of immunoblot quantitation (Source data for Figure 8D).
(A) The average Cγ-Cγ distances between D162 and D220 of PSH. Each data point stands for the average value throughout one trajectory with the error bar showing the SD of the three independent …
Detail geometries and distances for the atoms between D162, D220 and C83 L49 at a Cγ-Cγ distance of 8.2 Å in DDM micelles (A) and 6.8 Å in POPC bilayer (B).
(A, B) Structures of TSA GSIs L-685,458 (A) and III-31C (B). (C–F) Structures of non-TSA GSIs DAPT (C), LY411575 (D), Begacestat (E) and MRK-560 (F).
(A) Analysis of protein aggregation of WT and mutant PSH by DLS. (B) Analysis of protein aggregation of WT and mutant PSH by BN-PAGE followed by immunoblotting for PSH (6F4). (C) Analysis of protein …
Analysis of PSH activity in POPC vesicles with and without the addition of 0.008% DDM after incubation with C100-His6 at 37 °C overnight by immunoblotting for AICD (Y188) and Aβ (2D8). The asterisks …
Cleavage of C99 by PSH reconstituted in brain lipid vesicles. (A) Analysis of PSH activity in DDM micelles, POPC vesicles and brain lipid vesicles after incubation with C100-His6 substrate at 37 °C …
600 ns trajectories of PSH (red) in complex with C83 (orange) and nearby DDM molecules. A DDM molecule enters into the gap between TMD2 and TMD6. TMD6a switches between a helical and a loop …
600 ns trajectories of PSH (red) in complex with C83 (orange) and nearby DDM molecules. A DDM molecule enters into the gap between TMD3 and TMD4. TMD6a switches between a helical and a loop …
600 ns trajectory of PSH (blue) in complex with C83 (orange) and nearby POPC molecules. POPC molecules do not enter between TMD gaps and TMD6a remains a stable helix throughout the whole trajectory.
Residues of PSH used for model building are indicated.
Template | |||
---|---|---|---|
6IYC(PS1, C83) | 4HYG(Chain B) | Model 1 | |
Model 1 | * | – | – |
Model 2 | – | L7-D162, D220-L292 | complete |
Model 3 | – | L7-A176, E210-A293 | complete |
PSH residues L7-R193 and E210-A293 were modeled based on the template.
Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strain, strain background (Escherichia coli) | BL21(DE3)RIL | Agilent Technologies | Cat# 230245 | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pQE60-C100-His6 | Edbauer et al., 2003 | N/A | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pQE60-C83-His6 | This study | N/A | |
Recombinant DNA reagent | pET21b-PSH | Li et al., 2012 | N/A | Gift from Yigong Shi |
Antibody | Anti-APP (C-terminus) Y188 (rabbit monoclonal) | Abcam | Cat# ab32136 | IB (immunoblot) (1:5000) |
Antibody | Anti-APP (C-terminus) 6687 (rabbit polyclonal) | Steiner et al., 2000 | N/A | IP (immunoprecipitation) (1:100–1:200) |
Antibody | Anti-APP (Aβ22–35) Aβ (22-35) (rabbit polyclonal) | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat# A3356 | IB (1:1000) |
Antibody | Anti-APP (Aβ1–16) 2D8 (mouse monoclonal) | Shirotani et al., 2007 | N/A | IB (3 µg/ml) |
Antibody | Anti-APP (Aβ17–24) 4G8 (mouse monoclonal) | BioLegend | Cat# 800702 | IB (1:500-1:2500) |
Antibody | Anti-PSH (residues 192–204) 6F4 (rat monoclonal) | This study | N/A | IB (3 µg/ml), generation of antibody described further below |
Antibody | Anti-Penta-His (mouse monoclonal) | Qiagen | Cat# 34660 | IB (1:1000) |
Chemical compound, drug | Ni-NTA Agarose | Qiagen | Cat# 30210 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Calbiosorb Adsorbent beads | Calbiochem | Cat# 206550 | Discontinued |
Chemical compound, drug | POPC | Avanti Polar Lipids | Cat# 850457P | Powder |
Chemical compound, drug | Rhodamine-DHPE | Invitrogen | Cat# L1392 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Sephacryl S-200 HR | GE Healthcare | Cat# 17058410 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Streptavidin Sepharose | GE Healthcare | Cat# 17511301 | |
Chemical compound, drug | L-685,458 | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat# 565771 | InSolution γ-Secretase Inhibitor X, used in cleavage assays |
Chemical compound, drug | L-685,458 | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat# L1790 | Powder, dissolved in DMSO and used in inhibitor affinity precipitation experiments |
Chemical compound, drug | Merck C | Taros Chemicals | N/A | Biotinylated L-685,458 |
Chemical compound, drug | n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside (DDM) | Millipore | Cat# 324355 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Protein G Sepharose | Cytiva | Cat# 17061801 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Protein A Sepharose | Cytiva | Cat# 17528001 | |
Chemical compound, drug | Tropix I-BLOCK | Invitrogen | Cat# T2015 | |
Chemical compound, drug | III-31C | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat# C0619 | |
Chemical compound, drug | DAPT | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG | N/A | |
Chemical compound, drug | LY411575 | Karlheinz Baumann | N/A | |
Chemical compound, drug | Begacestat | Karlheinz Baumann | N/A | |
Chemical compound, drug | MRK-560 | Karlheinz Baumann | N/A | |
Commercial assay or kit | V-PLEX Plus Aβ Peptide Panel 1 (4G8) Kit | Meso Scale Discovery | Cat# K15199G | |
Commercial assay or kit | NativePAGE 4 to 16%, Bis-Tris, 1.0 mm, Mini Protein Gels, 10 wells | Invitrogen | Cat# BN1002BOX | |
Software, algorithm | GelAnalyzer 19.1 | Istvan Lazar Jr., PhD Istvan Lazar Sr., PhD, CSc | N/A | http://www.gelanalyzer.com |
Software, algorithm | AMBER18 | Case et al., 2005 | N/A | |
Software, algorithm | CHARMM-GUI | Jo et al., 2008 | N/A | |
Software, algorithm | SWISS-MODEL | Waterhouse et al., 2018 | N/A | |
Software, algorithm | PROPKA3.1 | Olsson et al., 2011; Sondergaard et al., 2011 | N/A | |
Software, algorithm | DSSP | Kabsch and Sander, 1983; Touw et al., 2015 | N/A |
pKa values of the catalytic aspartate residue which is most likely protonated are indicated in red.
PDB ID | Enyzme | Ligand | pKa (D162, D220) |
---|---|---|---|
4HYG | PSH | None | 5.04, |
4Y6K | PSH | III-31-C | 5.63, |
PDB ID | Enyzme | Ligand | pKa (D257, D385) |
4UIS | PS1 | None | 3.18, |
5A63 | PS1 | None | 4.42, |
5FN5 | PS1 | None | , 3.63 |
5FN4 | PS1 | Unknown helix | 4.70, |
5FN3 | PS1 | Unknown helix | 4.90, |
5FN2 | PS1 | DAPT | 5.13, |
6IYC | PS1 | C83 | 6.39, X* |
6IDF | PS1 | Notch1 | 6.21, X* |
6LR4 | PS1 | Semagacestat | 6.12, |
6LQG | PS1 | Avagacestat | 6.08, |
7V9I | PS1 | L-685,458 | 7.11, |
7D8X | PS1 | L-685,458 and E2012 | 7.01, |
For structure determination D385 was mutated to alanine and therefore no pKa value is given.