Monoallelic CRMP1 gene variants cause neurodevelopmental disorder

  1. Ethiraj Ravindran
  2. Nobuto Arashiki
  3. Lena-Luise Becker
  4. Kohtaro Takizawa
  5. Jonathan Lévy
  6. Thomas Rambaud
  7. Konstantin L Makridis
  8. Yoshio Goshima
  9. Na Li
  10. Maaike Vreeburg
  11. Bénédicte Demeer
  12. Achim Dickmanns
  13. Alexander PA Stegmann
  14. Hao Hu  Is a corresponding author
  15. Fumio Nakamura  Is a corresponding author
  16. Angela M Kaindl  Is a corresponding author
  1. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
  2. Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
  3. Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
  4. Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Japan
  5. Department of Genetics, Robert Debré University Hospital, France
  6. Laboratoire de biologie médicale multisites Seqoia, France
  7. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
  8. Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China
  9. Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
  10. Center for Human Genetics, CLAD Nord de France, CHU Amiens-Picardie, France
  11. CHIMERE EA 7516, University Picardie Jules Verne, France
  12. Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
3 figures, 2 tables and 2 additional files

Figures

Figure 1 with 1 supplement
Genotype of patients with variants in CRMP1.

(A) Pedigree of index families. (B) Pictogram representing the CRMP1 cDNA with identified variant of proband 1 (P1) in exon 12 (c.1766C>T, NM_001014809.2) which leads on protein level to an amino acid change of proline to leucine in CRMP1 (CRMP1A-long form (p.P589L, NP_001014809.1) and CRMP1B-short form (p.P475L, NP_001304.1)); the variant in proband 2 (P2) in exon 9 c.280C>T (NM_001014809.2) leads to an exchange of threonine to methionine (CRMP1A (p.T427M, NP_001014809.1) and CRMP1B (p.T313M, NP_001304.1)); the variant in proband 3 (P3) in exon 6 c.052T>C (NM_001014809.2) leads to an exchange of phenyl alanine to serine (CRMP1A (p.(F351S), NP_001014809.1) and CRMP1B (p.(F237S), NP_001304.1)). (C) Multispecies sequence alignment localizes the variants in the highly conserved area of CRMP1. (D) The short form CRMP1 monomer is composed of three structural parts, an N-terminally located seven β-strands forming two β-sheets (depicted in blue), followed by a linker β-strand (yellow) connecting to the central α/β-barrel (cyan/magenta) formed by seven repeats. Inserted after repeat 4 are 2 additional α-helices (gray). (E) CRMP1 assembles into tetramers. The relevant sites of T313M, P475L, and F237S are indicated as sphere model, with the T313 and F237 located in the central channel in the vicinity of the interaction sites and P475 is located at the beginning of the C-terminal helix and oriented toward the adjacent molecules. (F) The variant P475L reveals serious clashes with neighboring residues (red hexagonals) which may be accounted for by a shift of the helix as shown in (G). (H) Detailed representation of the structural vicinity of the T313M (yellow) to the ligand-binding cavity (magenta). (I) Magnified view of interface 1 tilted 90° backwards with respect to panel E highlighting the arrangement of the two phenylalanines at position 237 from the neighboring units. The exchange of phenylalanine with hydrophobic residues to serine with hydrophilic side chain interferes with the stability of the interaction in interface 1.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Sanger sequencing of CRMP1 in pedigrees 1 and 3.

Electropherogram traces depicting the de novo exchange of c.1766C>T (upper panel) in the proband of pedigree 1 and c.1052T>C (lower panel) in the proband of pedigree 3.

Attenuated oligomer formation of CRMP1-P475L and CRMP1B-T313M variants.

(A) Purified CRMP1B-wildtype, -T313M, and -P475L recombinant proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) stained with CBB. GST-tagged CRMP1 were expressed in E. coli and purified through the binding to glutathione resin and the digestion with PreScission protease. Equal volume (2.5 µl) of the purified specimens, which were prepared under the same condition, were loaded on the gel. The yield of the variants was less than that of CRMP1-wildtype as shown in panel. Two major 64 and 60 kDa bands in the preparations are full-length and a truncated form, respectively. (B) Fractionation of CRMP1B specimens by size-exclusion chromatography. Purified CRMP1B specimens (150 µg) were passed through a Sephacryl S-300 column and the resultant flows/elution volumes were fractionated at every 1 ml. SDS–PAGE for 40–86th fractions were carried out after 20 times concentration. The distribution of molecular weights of standard proteins (44–660 kDa) at the same condition was displayed on the top of the gels. (C) Reduced homophylic interaction of CRMP1B variants. HEK293T cells coexpressing Myc-tagged CRMP1B-wildtype and either one of V5-tagged CRMP1B-wildtype, -T313M, or -P475L were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-Myc-antibody. Immunoprecipitated specimens and input lysates were subjected to anti-V5 and anti-Myc immunoblot analyses. Co-immunoprecipitation of V5-tagged CRMP1 variants were reduced comparing to of wildtype CRMP1-V5. (D) Quantification of the V5-signal of Myc-immunoprecipitated specimens and of input lysate. The V5-signal ratios of CRMP1B-T313M and CRMP1B-P475L were significantly decreased compared to the ratio of CRMP1B-wildtype. The graph represents V5-signal ratio of each condition from six independent experiments (n=6). Data were analyzed by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. **p < 0.01. Abbreviations: CRMP1B-wildtype, wt; CRMP1B-T313M, TM; CRMP1B-P475L, PL.

Figure 2—source data 1

CRMP1 variants impact the homo-oligomerization.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/80793/elife-80793-fig2-data1-v2.zip
Figure 2—source data 2

Ratio of signal intensity of myc-IP band and input ratio of V5 blot.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/80793/elife-80793-fig2-data2-v2.zip
Attenuated neurite outgrowth by the ectopic expression of CRMP1B- P475L and CRMP1B-T313M variants.

Representative images of the neurons expressing V5-CRMP1B-wildtype (A), -T313M (B), -P475L (C), or tdTomato (D). Transfected neurons were visualized by anti-V5 immunostaining or tdTomato expression (red) and anti-MAP2 immunostaining (green). The longest primary neurites of the neurons expressing V5-CRMP1B-T313M or -P475L were shorter than those of the neurons transfected with V5-CRMP1B-wildtype or tdTomato. Scale bars, 100 μm. (E) Longest primary neurite length. The length of the longest primary neurite from V5- or tdTomato-positive neurons was scored in each condition. The graph represents average ± standard error of the mean (SEM) with individual values from four independent experiments. The number (n) of examined neurons in each condition: CRMP1B-wildtype, 66; -T313M, 64; -P475L, 49; tdTomato, 73. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ***p < 0.001.

Tables

Table 1
Phenotype of patients with CRMP1 variants.
Characteristics and symptomsProband 1 (pedigree 1)Proband 2 (pedigree I1)Proband 3 (pedigree I1I)
CRMP1 variant
(NM_001014809.2);
(NP_001014809.1)
c.1766C>T;
p.P589L
c.1280C>T;
p.T427M
c.1052T>C;
p.(F351S)
ParentsNon-consanguineousNon-consanguineousNon-consanguineous
GenderFemaleMaleFemale
Age at last assessment (years)151013
Anthropometric dataNormalNormalOvergrowth
 Weight (kg)57.1 (0.15 SD)N/A133 (14.2 SD)
 Height (cm)168 (0.43 SD)166.5 (2.94 SD)
 OFC (cm)53.5 (−1.02 SD)62 (5 SD)
Pregnancy, birth, postnatal adaptionNormalNormalNormal
 singular umbilical artery+
 macrosomia+
 fetal fingerpads+
Microcephaly (OFC <−2 SD)
Macrocephaly (OFC >−2 SD)+ (5 SD)
Facial dysmorphism+
Delayed motor development
+++
 walking unsupported28 months24 months24 months
Global muscular hypotoniaMildMildMild
Deep tendon reflexesNormalNormalNormal
Intellectual disabilityModerate (IQ 55)No (IQ 95)Moderate
Autism spectrum disorder+
Behavioral problems+++
 lack of distance, sexualized behavior+
 hyperphagia++
Delayed speech and language development
(first words spoken)
+
(24 months)
+
(36 months)
+
(30 months)
Fine motor problems++
Other
 secondary enuresis
Nocturna++
 pes planus+
 obesity++
EEG resultsNormalNormalNormal
Cranial MRI abnormalities
  1. +, yes; −, no; IQ, intellectual quotient; N/A, not available; OFC, occipitofrontal circumference; SD, standard deviation.

Key resources table
Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional information
Gene (Homo sapiens)CRMP1BGenbankNM_001313 transcript variant 2, mRNAShort isoform of human CRMP1
Strain, strain background (Escherichia coli)BL21 (DE3) pLysSBioDynamicsCat# DS260
Lot 0Q041
Genetic reagent (M. musculus, female)ICRNihon SLCRRID:IMSR_TAC:icr
Cell line (Homo sapiens)HEK293TATCCCRL-3216Authenticated by STR analysis
Transfected construct (Homo sapiens)pc3.1beta2-human CRMP1B-V5
wildtype
This paperpc3.1b2-hCRMP1B-V5PCR-amplified from Invitrogen human brain cDNA library
Available from F. Nakamura’s lab
Transfected construct (Homo sapiens)pc3.1beta2-human CRMP1B-V5
T313M
This Paperpc3.1b2-T313M-V5Available from F. Nakamura’s lab
Transfected construct (Homo sapiens)pc3.1beta2-human CRMP1B-V5
P475L
This Paperpc3.1b2-P475L-V5Available from F. Nakamura’s lab
Transfected construct (Homo sapiens)pGEX-human CRMP1B wildtype, T313M,
P475L
This PaperpGEX-hCRMP1Bwt, pGEX-T313M, pGEX-P475LGST-fusion protein expression vectors
Available from F. Nakamura’s lab
Transfected construct (Discosoma sp.)pENN.AAV.CAG.tdTomato.WPRE.SV40Gift from James M. Wilson
(Addgene plasmid)
# 105554; RRID:Addgene_105554
AntibodyAnti-MAP2 (Rabbit polyclonal)CovancePRB−547C
RRID:AB_2565455
1:5000
AntibodyAnti-Myc-tag (9E10, mouse monoclonal) conjugated agarose resinBDCat# 631208
Lot 4100006
1:1000
AntibodyAnti-Myc-tag (My3) (Mouse monoclonal)MBLCat# M192-3
Lot 009
1:5000
AntibodyAnti-V5 tag (Mouse monoclonal)ThermoFisherCat# R960-25 RRID:AB_2556564
Lot 2311401
1:5000
AntibodyAnti-V5 tag (Rabbit polyclonal)Novus BiologicalCat# NB600-381 RRID:AB_5274271:5000
AntibodyAnti-mouse Immunogloblins/HRP (goat polyclonal)GECat# NA931V1:5000
AntibodyAnti-mouse Immunogloblins/ biotin (goat polyclonal)JacksonCat# P02601:5000
AntibodyAnti-rabbit Immunogloblins/HRP (goat polyclonal)GECat# NA934V1:5000
AntibodyAnti-rabbit Immunogloblins/biotin (goat polyclonal)VectorCat# P02601:5000
Recombinant DNA reagentpc3.1beta2-V5Kawashima et al., 2021 (J.Neurochem 157: 1207–1221 (2021))N/A
Recombinant DNA reagentpGEX-6P-1CytivaCat# 28954648
Sequence-based reagentHuman CRMP1B-1f primerThis paperPCR primersatcgaattcgccATGTCGTACCAGGGCAAGAAGAGCAT
Sequence-based reagentHuman CRMP1-572r primerThis paperPCR primersatcctcgagACCGAGGCTGGTGATGTTGGAGCGGCCACCA
Sequence-based reagentT313M mutation primerThis paperMutation primersCCGGACCCTACCAtGCCCGACTACTTG
Sequence-based reagentP475L mutation primerThis paperMutation primersCGGAAGGCGTTCCtGGAGCACCTGTAC
Sequence-based reagentCRMP1-forward primer (P1)This paperSanger sequencing primersTCTTCGAGGGTATGGAGTGC
Sequence-based reagentCRMP1-reverse primer (P1)This paperSanger sequencing primersCGTCAGATCTCGATTCCCCA
Sequence-based reagentCRMP1-forward primer (P2)This paperSanger sequencing primersACAAAAGCGGATCCTGGAGA
Sequence-based reagentCRMP1-reverse primer (P2)This paperSanger sequencing primersGTACACAGGGCAGTTGATCC
Peptide, recombinant proteinPreScission proteaseCytivaCat# 27084301
Peptide, recombinant proteinhCRMP1B-wt, T313M, P475LThis paperPurified from E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells
Available from F. Nakamura’s lab
Commercial assay or kitQuickChange Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis KitAgilent TechCat #200515-5
Commercial assay or kitTyramide signal amplification (TSA) systemPerkinElmerCat No. NEL700A001KT
Chemical compound, drugGlutathione Sepharose 4B, 10 mlCytivaCat# 17075601
Chemical compound, drugPoly-L-lysineWakoCat No. 163-19091
Chemical compound, drugFugene-6PromegaCat No. E2691
Software, algorithmFiji (2.0.0-rc-59/1.51n)Schindelin et al., 2012
Fiji software (2.0.0-rc-59/1.51n)
https://imagej.net/software/fiji/
Software, algorithmPrism (Version 9.4.1)GraphPad Software, LLC.https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/

Additional files

Download links

A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.

Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)

Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)

Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)

  1. Ethiraj Ravindran
  2. Nobuto Arashiki
  3. Lena-Luise Becker
  4. Kohtaro Takizawa
  5. Jonathan Lévy
  6. Thomas Rambaud
  7. Konstantin L Makridis
  8. Yoshio Goshima
  9. Na Li
  10. Maaike Vreeburg
  11. Bénédicte Demeer
  12. Achim Dickmanns
  13. Alexander PA Stegmann
  14. Hao Hu
  15. Fumio Nakamura
  16. Angela M Kaindl
(2022)
Monoallelic CRMP1 gene variants cause neurodevelopmental disorder
eLife 11:e80793.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.80793