The circadian clock controls temporal and spatial patterns of floral development in sunflower
- University of California, Davis, United States
- University of Pretoria, South Africa
Abstract
Biological rhythms are ubiquitous. They can be generated by circadian oscillators, which produce daily rhythms in physiology and behavior, as well as by developmental oscillators such as the segmentation clock, which periodically produces modular developmental units. Here, we show that the circadian clock controls the timing of late-stage floret development, or anthesis, in domesticated sunflowers. In these plants, up to thousands of individual florets are tightly packed onto a capitulum disk. While early floret development occurs continuously across capitula to generate iconic spiral phyllotaxy, during anthesis floret development occurs in discrete ring-like pseudowhorls with up to hundreds of florets undergoing simultaneous maturation. We demonstrate circadian regulation of floral organ growth and show that the effects of light on this process are time-of-day dependent. Delays in the phase of floral anthesis delay morning visits by pollinators, while disruption of circadian rhythms in floral organ development causes loss of pseudowhorl formation and large reductions in pollinator visits. We therefore show that the sunflower circadian clock acts in concert with environmental response pathways to tightly synchronize the anthesis of hundreds of florets each day, generating spatial patterns on the developing capitulum disk. This coordinated mass release of floral rewards at predictable times of day likely promotes pollinator visits and plant reproductive success.
Data availability
All source data have been uploaded to Dryad under the following accession codes: 10.25338/B8865X (timelapse scoring), 10.25338/B86358 (pollinator visits), 10.25338/B8963G (consensus scoring), 10.25338/B8CW5R (ovary measurements), and 10.25338/B8HP9F (organ growth kinetics).
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Sunflower timelapse scoringDryad Digital Repository, doi:10.25338/B8865X.
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Sunflower pollinator visit scoringDryad Digital Repository, doi:10.25338/B86358.
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Sunflower consensus scoringDryad Digital Repository, doi:10.25338/B8963G.
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Sunflower ovary measurementsDryad Digital Repository, doi:10.25338/B8CW5R.
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Organ kinetics measurementsDryad Digital Repository, doi:10.25338/B8HP9F.
Article and author information
Author details
Veronica L Thompson
Funding
National Science Foundation (IOS 1238040)
- Stacey L Harmer
U.S. Department of Agriculture (CA-D-PLB-2259-H)
- Stacey L Harmer
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Copyright
© 2023, Marshall et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Further reading
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Sunflowers need to keep track of time to develop and reproduce
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