Support Proteins: Getting bacterial cells into shape
The conformational state of a structural protein in bacteria can vary, depending on the concentration level of potassium ions or the nucleotide bound to it.
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
Many rod-shaped bacteria rely on a protein known as MreB to acquire and maintain their characteristic three-dimensional structure (Jones et al., 2001; van den Ent et al., 2001; Domínguez-Escobar et al., 2011; Garner et al., 2011; van Teeffelen et al., 2011). Like its eukaryotic homolog, the actin protein, MreB filaments are formed of small units that polymerise into two paired strands. The resulting filaments interact with the molecular machinery responsible for building the cell wall of a bacterium, which is mediated through an interaction with the cell membrane. This helps to orient them so that wall synthesis is done in a directed manner. Much like a potter’s hand guides the clay into a cylinder at the wheel, MreB’s circumferential movements in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the cell help to create a rod-like shape.
It is known that its eukaryotic cousin actin has a pair of dynamic protofilaments, which constantly add and lose monomers. The two ends of the protofilament are different, with a plus and a minus end. The two protofilaments wrap around each other in a parallel manner – the plus goes with plus, and the minus goes with the minus, so the resulting filament is also polar. The plus end grows – i.e., adds new monomers of actin – much faster than the minus end. Newly added actin monomers are bound to the nucleotide ATP (adenosine triphosphate). When they get incorporated into a filament, the bound ATP loses a phosphate and becomes ADP (adenosine di-phosphate) through a chemical reaction called hydrolysis. When the filament depolymerises from the minus end, the ADP-bound monomers are released, and ADP is replaced by ATP: the ATP-bound monomers are ready to be reincorporated into the filament at the plus end. This process is also known as treadmilling, as the molecules lost at one end get reincorporated at the other end.
All MreB filaments characterised to date have antiparallel protofilaments and therefore are not polar. As a consequence, these filaments cannot exhibit the same treadmilling-like dynamics found in actin. Moreover, the ability to bind and hydrolyse ATP also varies between bacterial species (Bean and Amann, 2008; Esue et al., 2005; Nurse and Marians, 2013; Pande et al., 2022). While residues for ATP-binding are conserved in MreBs, and MreBs have been shown to be able to bind and hydrolyse ATP, it is still unclear what role ATP plays in the assembly, disassembly and movement of MreB filaments (Bork et al., 1992).
Now, in eLife, Rut Carballido-López and colleagues at research institutes in France and Germany – including Wei Mao (Université Paris-Saclay) as first author – report new insights into the dynamics of MreB in the bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus (Mao et al., 2023). Mao et al. used a combination of techniques to study the structure of MreB filaments and how they assemble and disassemble. They used liposomes to mimic the cell membrane of a bacterium and to function as a scaffold that facilitates the polymerisation of GsMreB (Hussain et al., 2018; Pande et al., 2022; Salje et al., 2011; van den Ent et al., 2014).
First, using electron microscopy, the researchers studied the effect of lipids on the assembly of the protein filaments. This revealed that polymers could only form in the presence of lipids, which suggests that the filaments assemble on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane. Moreover, the process was dependent on ATP but not ADP or AMPPNP, an analog of ATP that cannot be hydrolysed to ADP and remains frozen in the ATP state. This is in contrast to another bacterium called Spiroplasma, in which MreB5 had been shown to polymerise independently of ATP and lipids (Pande et al., 2022; Takahashi et al., 2022).
To better understand the dynamics underlying the protein assembly, Mao et al. quantified the amount of protein bound to the lipids in the presence of ATP and measured the rate of ATP hydrolysis. The experiments revealed that as ATP gets hydrolysed, the protein filaments also disassemble, supporting the existence of an ATP-hydrolysis dependent dynamics in MreB filaments.
In the absence of a polarity, MreB filaments can grow or shrink equally from either end, though this has not been measured. However, the antiparallel arrangement of MreB filaments exposes a surface on the filament that can bind to the cell membrane, which has also been observed in MreBs of other bacterial species (Salje et al., 2011).
Positively charged ions are known to further influence polymerization of actin (Tellam, 1985). Mao et al. used cryo-electron microscopy to find out if different concentrations of potassium change the properties of the filaments and consequently the shape of the liposome (Figure 1). Under low potassium concentrations (100 mM), MreB filaments appear curved and flexible, and created indents into the smooth spherical surface of the liposome (Figure 1A and B). Under high concentrations (500 mM), the filaments were long, straight and stiff and elongated the liposome (Figure 1C).
Figure 1
Mechanisms to shape bacterial cells.
(A) In the absence of the protein MreB, cell-like structures called liposomes are spherical. (B) In the presence of ATP (blue circles) but not ADP or AMPPNP (red and orange circles), MreB filaments induce a negative membrane curvature on liposomes when salt concentrations are low. (C) When salt concentrations are high, MreB filaments induce a tubular shape in the liposome.
Image credits: Figure created using Biorender.
These observations demonstrate that the conformational state of the MreB filaments can vary, based either on the nature of the nucleotide-bound state or the level of potassium ions. A bent conformation of MreB filament could possibly match the curvature of the liposome (resulting in a curvature-sensing role of the filaments), while a rigid or stiff filament could chisel the liposome into a different shape (membrane remodelling). This might help the filament to identify regions of the membrane that has to be ‘ironed out’ and then move to the next area to be ‘straightened’.
More research is needed to elucidate the features or states that differentiate between curvature sensing and membrane remodelling. A better understanding of the interplay between nucleotide binding, filament assembly and membrane binding will help researchers to identify the mechanism of circumferential movement that provides rod-shaped bacteria with their unique look.
References
-
The assembly of MreB, a prokaryotic homolog of actinThe Journal of Biological Chemistry 280:2628–2635.https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M410298200
-
Purification and characterization of Escherichia coli MreB proteinThe Journal of Biological Chemistry 288:3469–3475.https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.413708
-
Filament organization of the bacterial actin MreB is dependent on the nucleotide stateThe Journal of Cell Biology 221:e202106092.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202106092
-
Direct membrane binding by bacterial actin MreBMolecular Cell 43:478–487.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.07.008
-
Mechanism of calcium chloride induced actin polymerizationBiochemistry 24:4455–4460.https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00337a029
Article and author information
Author details
Pananghat Gayathri
Publication history
- Version of Record published: December 13, 2023 (version 1)
Copyright
© 2023, Bapat et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
Metrics
-
- 453
- views
-
- 42
- downloads
-
- 0
- citations
Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife.
Download links
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
Support Proteins: Getting bacterial cells into shape
eLife 12:e93719.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.93719
Further reading
-
- Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
Transporter research primarily relies on the canonical substrates of well-established transporters. This approach has limitations when studying transporters for the low-abundant micromolecules, such as micronutrients, and may not reveal physiological functions of the transporters. While d-serine, a trace enantiomer of serine in the circulation, was discovered as an emerging biomarker of kidney function, its transport mechanisms in the periphery remain unknown. Here, using a multi-hierarchical approach from body fluids to molecules, combining multi-omics, cell-free synthetic biochemistry, and ex vivo transport analyses, we have identified two types of renal d-serine transport systems. We revealed that the small amino acid transporter ASCT2 serves as a d-serine transporter previously uncharacterized in the kidney and discovered d-serine as a non-canonical substrate of the sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (SMCTs). These two systems are physiologically complementary, but ASCT2 dominates the role in the pathological condition. Our findings not only shed light on renal d-serine transport, but also clarify the importance of non-canonical substrate transport. This study provides a framework for investigating multiple transport systems of various trace micromolecules under physiological conditions and in multifactorial diseases.
-
- Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cell Biology
Mediator of ERBB2-driven Cell Motility 1 (MEMO1) is an evolutionary conserved protein implicated in many biological processes; however, its primary molecular function remains unknown. Importantly, MEMO1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and was shown to modulate breast cancer metastasis through altered cell motility. To better understand the function of MEMO1 in cancer cells, we analyzed genetic interactions of MEMO1 using gene essentiality data from 1028 cancer cell lines and found multiple iron-related genes exhibiting genetic relationships with MEMO1. We experimentally confirmed several interactions between MEMO1 and iron-related proteins in living cells, most notably, transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), mitoferrin-2 (SLC25A28), and the global iron response regulator IRP1 (ACO1). These interactions indicate that cells with high MEMO1 expression levels are hypersensitive to the disruptions in iron distribution. Our data also indicate that MEMO1 is involved in ferroptosis and is linked to iron supply to mitochondria. We have found that purified MEMO1 binds iron with high affinity under redox conditions mimicking intracellular environment and solved MEMO1 structures in complex with iron and copper. Our work reveals that the iron coordination mode in MEMO1 is very similar to that of iron-containing extradiol dioxygenases, which also display a similar structural fold. We conclude that MEMO1 is an iron-binding protein that modulates iron homeostasis in cancer cells.
