The formation and refinement of prediction error circuits relies on an experience-dependent balance of excitation and inhibition in canonical microcircuits.

Despite the fundamental relationship between movement and value, they are represented in a separable manner in dopamine neurons.

A specific neuronal pathway within the auditory system represents information about the statistical prediction and error for incoming sounds, thereby contributing to efficient representation of complex sounds and sound streams in the brain.

Dopamine neurons function as an ensemble to signal a multidimensional feature prediction error.

Midbrain dopamine neurons in rats signal discrepancies between predicted and actual rewards, regardless of whether the rewards are predicted on the basis of experience or inference.

When learning the reward probability of novel cues, dopamine neurons convey dissociable value and novelty signals.

Acetylcholine plays a multifold role in modulating neuronal mismatch in auditory cortex, affecting the precision of prediction error signaling and gating prediction errors to hierarchically higher processing levels.

Central vestibular regions in the brainstem and cerebellum perform dynamic Bayesian inference to combine motor commands and sensory signals into an optimal estimate of self-motion.

Pain processing in certain brain regions implements predictive coding principles, offering a novel perspective on the neural basis of pain perception.

Dopamine novelty signals are localized in the posterior tail of the striatum along with general salience signals, while dopamine in the ventral striatum reliably encodes reward prediction error.