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High glucose levels promote CTSL maturation and translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosome via the ER-Golgi-lysosome axis.

Genetic and proteomic analyses reveal that the SPARK kinase, which is a regulator of key life-cycle transitions in the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, complexes with an elongin-like protein to regulate several important AGC-family kinases.

By altering which peptide antigens are presented to CD4⁺ T cells, adjuvants affect the specificity of the immune response.

Aminoglycoside tolerance in tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain mutants does not result from impaired proton motive force and altered drug uptake, but rather from the downregulation of ribosomal proteins, which are primary targets of this drug class.

Population-level hybrid immunity depends substantially on vaccination coverage, including among those previously infected, and dried blood spot collection serves as a practicable biological surveillance platform for these immune responses.

X-ray crystallographic and atomic force microscopic analyses reveal the tilted homodimer structure and unanticipated dynamic characteristics of canine distemper virus-hemagglutinin (CDV-H), providing insights into the molecular and dynamic processes of Morbillivirus for cell entry, effective immunizations, and vaccine/drug design.

A novel strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance has been identified by using vaccines and nanobodies to target specific extracellular proteins located on multiresistant bacterial plasmids.