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It is proposed that innate immune cells are positioned to activate the naïve B cell repertoire and rational application of training stimuli could enforce this, offsetting original antigenic sin, wherein recall of ‘off-target’ B cell memory can obscure vaccine effectiveness.

KLF2 activity and impaired interferon signaling contribute to HIV-1 persistence by restricting antiviral immunity in infected CD4 T cells during early infection.

hmmIBD outperforms alternative tools in detecting genome segments that are identical-by-descent and uncovering signals of positive selection and demographic history in malaria parasite genomes, underscoring the importance of tool prioritization and optimization for reliable malaria genomic surveillance.

Certain bacteriophage are specifically adapted to infecting biofilm bacteria by exploiting biofilm characteristics, such as the exopolysaccharides produced by bacteria in biofilms.

Motile Enterobacteriaceae override chemorepulsion from the microbiota metabolite indole in favor of nutrient attraction, challenging the idea that indole taxis protects the host against intestinal infection.

Probiotic P118 against Salmonella infections by directly antibacterial actions, inhibiting Salmonella colonization and invasion, attenuating macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, and modulating gut microbiota mediated by microbe-derived indole metabolites.

Several studies have now demonstrated that trained immunity occurs in the airways to several pathogens and products, while its utility is yet to be determined.

Direct skin contact during parental care in poison frogs transmits host-adapted microbes to tadpoles, where some bacterial taxa may persist on the skin through early development.

Genetic analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals multiple mutations, including a key change in the fhuB gene, that influence the bacteria’s ability to cause severe invasive infections.