People from different countries grow to different heights. This may be partly due to genetics, but most differences in height between countries have other causes. For example, children and adolescents who are malnourished, or who suffer from serious diseases, will generally be shorter as adults. This is important because taller people generally live longer, are less likely to suffer from heart disease and stroke, and taller women and their children are less likely to have complications during and after birth. Taller people may also earn more and be more successful at school. However, they are also more likely to develop some cancers.

The NCD Risk Factor Collaboration set out to find out how tall people are, on average, in every country in the world at the moment, and how this has changed over the past 100 years. The analysis revealed large differences in height between countries. The tallest men were born in the last part of the 20th century in the Netherlands, and were nearly 183 cm tall on average. The shortest women were born in 1896 in Guatemala, and were on average 140 cm tall. The difference between the shortest and tallest countries is about 20 cm for both men and women. This means there are large differences between countries in terms of nutrition and the risk of developing some diseases.

The way in which height has changed over the past 100 years also varies from country to country. Iranian men born in 1996 were around 17 cm taller than those born in 1896, and South Korean women were 20 cm taller. In other parts of the world, particularly in South Asia and parts of Africa, people are only slightly taller than 100 years ago, and in some countries people are shorter than they were 50 years ago.

There is a need to better understand why height has changed in different countries by different amounts, and use this information to improve nutrition and health across the world. It would also be valuable to understand how much becoming taller has been responsible for improved health and longevity throughout the world.

Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, lower risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and higher risk of some cancers (Paajanen et al., 2010; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 2012; Green et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2015; Batty et al., 2010; World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research, 2007; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2014a; 2014b; Nüesch et al., 2015; Davies et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015; Kozuki et al., 2015; Black et al., 2008). There is also evidence that taller people on average have higher education, earnings, and possibly even social position (Adair et al., 2013; Stulp et al., 2015; Barker et al., 2005; Strauss and Thomas, 1998; Chen and Zhou, 2007; Case and Paxson, 2008).

Although height is one of the most heritable human traits (Fisher, 1919; Lettre, 2011), cross-population differences are believed to be related to non-genetic, environmental factors. Of these, foetal growth (itself related to maternal size, nutrition and environmental exposures), and nutrition and infections during childhood and adolescence are particularly important determinants of height during adulthood (Cole, 2000; Silventoinen et al., 2000; Dubois et al., 2012; Haeffner et al., 2002; Sørensen et al., 1999; Victora et al., 2008; Eveleth and Tanner, 1990; Tanner, 1962; Tanner, 1992; Bogin, 2013). Information on height, and its trends, can therefore help understand the health impacts of childhood and adolescent nutrition and environment, and of their social, economic, and political determinants, on both non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and on neonatal health and survival in the next generation (Cole, 2000; Tanner, 1992; Tanner, 1987).

Trends in men’s height have been analysed in Europe, the USA, and Japan for up to 250 years, using data on conscripts, voluntary military personnel, convicts, or slaves (Cole, 2000; Floud et al., 1990; Fogel et al., 1983; Schmidt et al., 1995; Floud et al., 2011; Tanner et al., 1982; Hatton and Bray, 2010; Tanner, 1981; Facchini and Gualdi-Russo, 1982). There are fewer historical data for women, and for other regions where focus has largely been on children and where adult data tend to be reported at one point in time or over short periods (Subramanian et al., 2011; Grasgruber et al., 2014; Baten and Blum, 2012; Deaton, 2007; Mamidi et al., 2011; van Zanden et al., 2014). In this paper, we pooled worldwide population-based data to estimate height in adulthood for men and women born over a whole century throughout the world.

We estimated that people born in 1896 were shortest in Asia and in Central and Andean Latin America (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The 1896 male birth cohort on average measured only 152.9 cm (credible interval 147.9–157.9) in Laos, which is the same as a well-nourished 12.5-year boy according to international growth standards (de Onis et al., 2007), followed by Timor-Leste and Guatemala. Women born in the same year in Guatemala were on average 140.3 cm (135.8–144.8), the same as a well-nourished 10-year girl. El Salvador, Peru, Bangladesh, South Korea and Japan had the next shortest women. The tallest populations a century ago lived in Central and Northern Europe, North America and some Pacific islands. The height of men born in Sweden, Norway and the USA surpassed 171 cm, ~18–19 cm taller than men in Laos. Swedish women, with average adult height of 160.3 cm (158.2–162.4), were the tallest a century ago and 20 cm taller than women in Guatemala. Women were also taller than 158 cm in Norway, Iceland, the USA and American Samoa.

Figure 1

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Figure 2

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Changes in adult height over the century of analysis varied drastically across countries. Notably, although the large increases in European men’s heights in the 19th and 20th century have been highlighted, we found that the largest gains since the 1896 birth cohort occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3–19.7) taller, respectively (Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5). As a result, South Korean women moved from the fifth shortest to the top tertile of tallest women in the world over the course of a century. Men in South Korea also had large gains relative to other countries, by 15.2 cm (12.3–18.1). There were also large gains in height in Japan, Greenland, some countries in Southern Europe (e.g., Greece) and Central Europe (e.g., Serbia and Poland, and for women Czech Republic). In contrast, there was little gain in height in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Figure 3

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Figure 4

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Figure 5

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The pace of growth in height has not been uniform over the past century. The impressive rise in height in Japan stopped in people born after the early 1960s (Figure 6). In South Korea, the flattening began in the cohorts born in the 1980s for men and it may have just begun in women. As a result, South Korean men and women are now taller than their Japanese counterparts. The rise is continuing in other East and Southeast Asian countries like China and Thailand, with Chinese men and women having surpassed the Japanese (but not yet as tall as South Koreans). The rise in adult height also seems to have plateaued in South Asian countries like Bangladesh and India at much lower levels than in East Asia, e.g., 5–10 cm shorter than it did in Japan and South Korea.

Figure 6

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There were also variations in the time course of height change across high-income western countries, with height increase having plateaued in Northern European countries like Finland and in English-speaking countries like the UK for 2–3 decades (Larnkaer et al., 2006; Schönbeck et al., 2013), followed by Eastern Europe (Figure 7). The earliest of these occurred in the USA, which was one of the tallest nations a century ago but has now fallen behind its European counterparts after having had the smallest gain in height of any high-income country (Tanner, 1981; Komlos and Lauderdale, 2007; Komlos and Baur, 2004; Sokoloff and Villaflor, 1982). In contrast, height is still increasing in some Southern European countries (e.g., Spain), and in many countries in Latin America.

Figure 7

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As an exception to the steady gains in most countries, adult height decreased or at best remained the same in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa for cohorts born after the early 1960s, by around 5 cm from its peak in some countries (see for example Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Uganda in Figure 8). More recently, the same seems to have happened for men, but not women, in some countries in Central Asia (e.g., Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan) and Middle East and North Africa (e.g., Egypt and Yemen), whereas in others (e.g., Iran) both sexes continue to grow taller.

Figure 8

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Men born in 1996 surpass average heights of 181 cm in the Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia, Latvia and Denmark, with Dutch men, at 182.5 cm (180.6–184.5), the tallest people on the planet. The gap with the shortest countries – Timor-Leste, Yemen and Laos, where men are only ~160 cm tall – is 22–23 cm, an increase of ~4 cm on the global gap in the 1896 birth cohort. Australia was the only non-European country where men born in 1996 were among the 25 tallest in the world. Women born in 1996 are shortest in Guatemala, with an average height of 149.4 cm (148.0–150.8), and are shorter than 151 cm in the Philippines, Bangladesh and Nepal. The tallest women live in Latvia, the Netherlands, Estonia and Czech Republic, with average height surpassing 168 cm, creating a 20 cm global gap in women’s height (Figure 5).

Male and female heights were correlated across countries in 1896 as well as in 1996. Men were taller than women in every country, on average by ~11 cm in the 1896 birth cohort and ~12 cm in the 1996 birth cohort (Figure 9). In the 1896 birth cohort, the male-female height gap in countries where average height was low was slightly larger than in taller nations. In other words, at the turn of the 20th century, men seem to have had a relative advantage over women in undernourished compared to better-nourished populations. A century later, the male-female height gap is about the same throughout the height range. Changes in male and female heights over the century of analysis were also correlated, which is in contrast to low correlation between changes in male and female BMIs as reported elsewhere (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016).

Figure 9

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Change in population mean height was not correlated with change in mean BMI (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016) across countries for men (correlation coefficient = −0.016) and was weakly inversely correlated for women (correlation coefficient = −0.28) (Figure 10). Countries like Japan, Singapore and France had larger-than-median gains in height but little change in BMI, in contrast to places like the USA and Kiribati where height has increased less than the worldwide median while BMI has increased a great deal.

Figure 10

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We found that over the past century adult height has changed substantially and unevenly in the world’s countries, with no indication of convergence across countries. The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was ~19 cm for men and ~20 cm for women a century ago, and has remained about the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries in terms of adult height.

Data from military conscripts and personnel have allowed reconstructing long-term trends in height in some European countries and the USA, albeit largely for men, and treating it as a 'mirror' to social and environmental conditions that affect nutrition, health and economic prosperity, in each generation and across generations (Tanner, 1987; Fogel, 2004; Komlos, 2009; Martins et al., 2014; Martorell, 1995). Our results on the large gains in continental European countries, and that they have overtaken English-speaking countries like the USA, are consistent with these earlier studies although these earlier analyses covered fewer countries in Eastern and Southern Europe, and used some self-reported data with simple adjustments that cannot fully correct for their bias (Hatton and Bray, 2010; Facchini and Gualdi-Russo, 1982; Baten and Blum, 2012).

Less has been known about trends in women’s height, and those in non-English-speaking/non-European parts of the world. We found that some of the most important changes in height have happened in these under-investigated populations. In particular, South Korean and Japanese men and women, and Iranian men, have had larger gains than European men, and similar trends are now happening in China and Thailand. These gains may partially account for the fact that women in Japan and South Korea have achieved the first and fourth highest life expectancy in the world (see also below). In contrast to East Asia’s impressive gains, the rise in height seems to have stopped early in South Asia and reversed in Africa, reversing or diminishing Africa’s earlier advantage over Asia. Prior studies have documented a rise in stunting in children in sub-Saharan Africa which continued to the mid-1990s (Stevens et al., 2012). Our results indicate that such childhood adversity may have carried forward to adulthood and be affecting health in the region. The early African advantage over Asia may also have been partly due to having a more diverse diet compared to the vegetable and cereal diet in Asia, partly facilitated by lower population density (Deaton, 2007; Moradi, 2010). Rising population, coupled with worsening economic status during structural adjustment, may have undermined earlier dietary advantage (Stevens et al., 2012; Pongou et al., 2006; Weil et al., 1990; Sundberg, 2009).

The main strengths of our study are its novel scope of estimating a century of trends in adult height for all countries in the world and for both sexes. Our population-based results complement the individual-level studies on the genetic and environmental determinants of within-population variation in height, and will help develop and test hypotheses about the determinants of adult height, and its health consequences. We achieved this by using a large number of population-based data sources from all regions of the world. We put particular emphasis on data quality and used only population-based data that had measured height, which avoids bias in self-reported height. Data were analysed according to a common protocol before being pooled, and characteristics and quality of data sources were verified through repeated checks by Collaborating Group members. Finally, we pooled data using a statistical model that could characterize non-linear trends and that used all available data while giving more weight to national data than to subnational and community surveys.

Although we have gathered an unprecedentedly comprehensive database of human height and growth, and have applied a statistical model that maximally utilizes the information in these sources, data in some countries were rather limited or were from community or sub-national studies. This is reflected in larger uncertainty of the estimated height in these countries. To overcome this, surveillance of growth, which has focused largely on children, should also systematically monitor adolescents and adults given the increasingly abundant evidence on their effects on adult health and human capital. Even measured height data can be subject to measurement error depending on how closely study protocols are followed. Finally, we did not have separate data on leg and trunk lengths, which may differ in their determinants, especially in relation to age at menarche and pre- vs. post-pubertal growth and nutrition, and health effects (Tanner et al., 1982; Frisch and Revelle, 1971).

Greater height in adulthood is both beneficially (cardiovascular and respiratory diseases) and harmfully (colorectal, postmenopausal breast and ovarian cancers, and possibly pancreatic, prostate and premenopausal breast cancers) associated with several diseases, independently of its inverse correlation with BMI (Paajanen et al., 2010; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 2012; Green et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2015; Batty et al., 2010; World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research, 2007; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2014a; 2014b; Nüesch et al., 2015; Davies et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015). If the associations in epidemiological studies are causal, which is supported by the more recent evidence from Mendelian randomisation studies (Green et al., 2011; Nüesch et al., 2015; Davies et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015), the ~20 cm height range in the world is associated with a 17% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality and 20–40% higher risk of various site-specific cancers, in tall versus short countries. Consistent with individual-level evidence on the association between taller height and lower all-cause mortality in adult ages (Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 2012), gains in mean population height in successive cohorts are associated with lower mortality in middle and older ages in countries with reliable mortality data (correlation coefficient = −0.58 for men and −0.68 for women) (Figure 11), demonstrating the large impacts of height gain on population health and longevity. Further, short maternal stature increases the risk of small-for-gestational-age and preterm births, both risk factors for neonatal mortality, and of pregnancy complications (Kozuki et al., 2015; Black et al., 2008). Therefore, improvements vs. stagnation in women’s height can influence trends in infant and maternal mortality.

Figure 11

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Our study also shows the potential for using height in early adulthood as an indicator that integrates across different dimensions of sustainable human development. Adult height signifies not only foetal and early childhood nutrition, which was included in the Millennium Development Goals, but also that of adolescents (Lancet, 2014). Further, adult height is a link between these early-life experiences and NCDs, longevity, education and earnings. It can easily be measured in health surveys and can be used to investigate differences across countries and trends over time, as done in our work, as well as within-country inequalities. Therefore, height in early adulthood, which varies substantially across countries and over time, provides a measurable indicator for sustainable development, with links to health and longevity, nutrition, education and economic productivity.

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Author details

1. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

   Contribution

   NCDRFC(NCD-RisC), collectively contributed to the research and manuscript. Members of the Country and Regional Data Group collected and reanalysed data, and checked pooled data for accuracy of information about their study and other studies in their country. MDC led data collection and JB led the statistical analysis and prepared results. Members of the Pooled Analysis and Writing Group collated data, checked all data sources in consultation with the Country and Regional Data Group, analysed pooled data, and prepared results. ME designed the study, oversaw research, and wrote the first draft of the report with input from other members of Pooled Analysis and Writing Group. Members of Country and Regional Data Group commented on draft report.

   For correspondence

   majid.ezzati@imperial.ac.uk

   Competing interests

   The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

   1. James Bentham, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   2. Mariachiara Di Cesare, Middlesex University, United Kingdom
   3. Gretchen A Stevens, World Health Organization, Switzerland
   4. Bin Zhou, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   5. Honor Bixby, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   6. Melanie Cowan, World Health Organization, Switzerland
   7. Léa Fortunato, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   8. James E Bennett, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   9. Goodarz Danaei, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
   10. Kaveh Hajifathalian, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
   11. Yuan Lu, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
   12. Leanne M Riley, World Health Organization, Switzerland
   13. Avula Laxmaiah, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   14. Vasilis Kontis, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   15. Christopher J Paciorek, University of California, Berkeley, United States
   16. Elio Riboli, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   17. Majid Ezzati, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   18. Ziad A Abdeen, Al-Quds University, Palestine
   19. Zargar Abdul Hamid, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, India
   20. Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh, Birzeit University, Palestine
   21. Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
   22. Robert Adams, The University of Adelaide, Australia
   23. Wichai Aekplakorn, Mahidol University, Thailand
   24. Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion, Mexico
   25. Charles Agyemang, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   26. Alireza Ahmadvand, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
   27. Wolfgang Ahrens, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Germany
   28. Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
   29. Amani Rashed Al-Othman, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait
   30. Rajaa Al Raddadi, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
   31. Mohamed M Ali, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
   32. Ala'a Alkerwi, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
   33. Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain
   34. Eman Aly, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
   35. Philippe Amouyel, Lille University and Hospital, France
   36. Antoinette Amuzu, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
   37. Lars Bo Andersen, Sogn and Fjordane University College, Norway
   38. Sigmund A Anderssen, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
   39. Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   40. Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia
   41. Inger Ariansen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
   42. Tahir Aris, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia
   43. Nimmathota Arlappa, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   44. Dominique Arveiler, University of Strasbourg and Strasbourg University Hospital, France
   45. Felix K Assah, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon
   46. Mária Avdicová, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
   47. Fereidoun Azizi, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   48. Bontha V Babu, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   49. Suhad Bahijri, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
   50. Nagalla Balakrishna, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   51. Piotr Bandosz, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
   52. José R Banegas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
   53. Carlo M Barbagallo, University of Palermo, Italy
   54. Alberto Barceló, Pan American Health Organization, United States
   55. Amina Barkat, Mohammed V University de Rabat, Morocco
   56. Mauro V Barros, University of Pernambuco, Brazil
   57. Iqbal Bata, Dalhousie University, Canada
   58. Anwar M Batieha, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
   59. Rosangela L Batista, Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil
   60. Louise A Baur, University of Sydney, Australia
   61. Robert Beaglehole, University of Auckland, New Zealand
   62. Habiba Ben Romdhane, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
   63. Mikhail Benet, University Medical Science, Cuba
   64. James E Bennett, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   65. Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru
   66. Gailute Bernotiene, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
   67. Heloisa Bettiol, University of São Paulo, Brazil
   68. Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, B. J. Medical College, India
   69. Sumit Bharadwaj, Chirayu Medical College, India
   70. Santosh K Bhargava, Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India
   71. Zaid Bhatti, The Aga Khan University, Pakistan
   72. Zulfiqar A Bhutta, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
   73. Hongsheng Bi, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
   74. Yufang Bi, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China
   75. Peter Bjerregaard, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   76. Espen Bjertness, University of Oslo, Norway
   77. Marius B Bjertness, University of Oslo, Norway
   78. Cecilia Björkelund, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
   79. Anneke Blokstra, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands
   80. Simona Bo, University of Turin, Italy
   81. Martin Bobak, University College London, United Kingdom
   82. Lynne M Boddy, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
   83. Bernhard O Boehm, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
   84. Heiner Boeing, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Germany
   85. Carlos P Boissonnet, CEMIC, Argentina
   86. Vanina Bongard, Toulouse University School of Medicine, France
   87. Pascal Bovet, Ministry of Health, Seychelles
   88. Lutgart Braeckman, Ghent University, Belgium
   89. Marjolijn CE Bragt, FrieslandCampina, Singapore
   90. Imperia Brajkovich, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
   91. Francesco Branca, World Health Organization, Switzerland
   92. Juergen Breckenkamp, Bielefeld University, Germany
   93. Hermann Brenner, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
   94. Lizzy M Brewster, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   95. Garry R Brian, The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand, New Zealand
   96. Graziella Bruno, University of Turin, Italy
   97. HB(as) Bueno-de-Mesquita, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands
   98. Anna Bugge, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   99. Con Burns, Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland
   100. Antonio Cabrera de León, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
   101. Joseph Cacciottolo, University of Malta, Malta
   102. Tilema Cama, Ministry of Health, Tonga
   103. Christine Cameron, Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada
   104. José Camolas, Hospital Santa Maria, CHLN
   105. Günay Can, Istanbul University, Turkey
   106. Ana Paula C Cândido, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil
   107. Vincenzo Capuano, Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy
   108. Viviane C Cardoso, University of São Paulo, Brazil
   109. Axel C Carlsson, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
   110. Maria J Carvalho, University of Porto, Portugal
   111. Felipe F Casanueva, Santiago de Compostela University, Spain
   112. Juan-Pablo Casas, University College London, United Kingdom
   113. Carmelo A Caserta, Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy
   114. Snehalatha Chamukuttan, India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   115. Angelique W Chan, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
   116. Queenie Chan, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   117. Himanshu K Chaturvedi, National Institute of Medical Statistics, India
   118. Nishi Chaturvedi, University College London, United Kingdom
   119. Chien-Jen Chen, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
   120. Fangfang Chen, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
   121. Huashuai Chen, Duke University, United States
   122. Shuohua Chen, Kailuan General Hospital, China
   123. Zhengming Chen, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
   124. Ching-Yu Cheng, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
   125. Angela Chetrit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
   126. Arnaud Chiolero, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
   127. Shu-Ti Chiou, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
   128. Adela Chirita-Emandi, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
   129. Belong Cho, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
   130. Yumi Cho, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea
   131. Kaare Christensen, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   132. Jerzy Chudek, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
   133. Renata Cifkova, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
   134. Frank Claessens, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
   135. Els Clays, Ghent University, Belgium
   136. Hans Concin, Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria
   137. Cyrus Cooper, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
   138. Rachel Cooper, University College London, United Kingdom
   139. Tara C Coppinger, Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland
   140. Simona Costanzo, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
   141. Dominique Cottel, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
   142. Chris Cowell, Westmead University of Sydney, Australia
   143. Cora L Craig, Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada
   144. Ana B Crujeiras, CIBEROBN, Spain
   145. Graziella D'Arrigo, National Council of Research, Italy
   146. Eleonora d'Orsi, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
   147. Jean Dallongeville, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
   148. Albertino Damasceno, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
   149. Camilla T Damsgaard, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
   150. Goodarz Danaei, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
   151. Rachel Dankner, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
   152. Luc Dauchet, Lille University Hospital, France
   153. Guy De Backer, Ghent University, Belgium
   154. Dirk De Bacquer, Ghent University, Belgium
   155. Giovanni de Gaetano, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
   156. Stefaan De Henauw, Ghent University, Belgium
   157. Delphine De Smedt, Ghent University, Belgium
   158. Mohan Deepa, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   159. Alexander D Deev, National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russia
   160. Abbas Dehghan, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   161. Héléne Delisle, University of Montreal, Canada
   162. Francis Delpeuch, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
   163. Valérie Deschamps, French Public Health Agency, France
   164. Klodian Dhana, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   165. Augusto F Di Castelnuovo, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
   166. Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil
   167. Alejandro Diaz, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina
   168. Shirin Djalalinia, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
   169. Ha TP Do, National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam
   170. Annette J Dobson, University of Queensland, Australia
   171. Chiara Donfrancesco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy
   172. Silvana P Donoso, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
   173. Angela Döring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
   174. Kouamelan Doua, Ministére de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Côte d’Ivoire
   175. Wojciech Drygas, The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland
   176. Vilnis Dzerve, University of Latvia, Latvia, Europe
   177. E Egbagbe, University of Benin, Nigeria
   178. Robert Eggertsen, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
   179. Ulf Ekelund, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
   180. Jalila El Ati, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia
   181. Paul Elliott, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   182. Reina Engle-Stone, University of California Davis, United States
   183. Rajiv T Erasmus, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
   184. Cihangir Erem, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
   185. Louise Eriksen, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   186. Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
   187. Alun Evans, The Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom
   188. David Faeh, University of Zurich, Switzerland
   189. Caroline H Fall, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
   190. Farshad Farzadfar, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   191. Francisco J Felix-Redondo, Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain
   192. Trevor S Ferguson, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
   193. Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Spain
   194. Daniel Ferrante, Ministry of Health, Argentina
   195. Marika Ferrari, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Italy
   196. Catterina Ferreccio, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
   197. Jean Ferrieres, Toulouse University School of Medicine, France
   198. Joseph D Finn, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
   199. Krista Fischer, University of Tartu, Estonia
   200. Eric Monterubio Flores, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico
   201. Bernhard Föger, Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria
   202. Leng Huat Foo, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
   203. Ann-Sofie Forslund, Luleå University, Sweden
   204. Maria Forsner, Dalarna University, Sweden
   205. Stephen P Fortmann, Stanford University, United States
   206. Heba M Fouad, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
   207. Damian K Francis, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
   208. Maria do Carmo Franco, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
   209. Oscar H Franco, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   210. Guillermo Frontera, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Spain
   211. Flavio D Fuchs, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
   212. Sandra C Fuchs, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
   213. Yuki Fujita, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
   214. Takuro Furusawa, Kyoto University, Japan
   215. Zbigniew Gaciong, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
   216. Mihai Gafencu, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
   217. Dickman Gareta, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
   218. Sarah P Garnett, University of Sydney, Australia
   219. Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
   220. Magda Gasull, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain
   221. Louise Gates, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia
   222. Johanna M Geleijnse, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
   223. Anoosheh Ghasemian, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
   224. Simona Giampaoli, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy
   225. Francesco Gianfagna, University of Insubria, Italy
   226. Jonathan Giovannelli, Lille University Hospital, France
   227. Aleksander Giwercman, Lund University, Sweden
   228. Rebecca A Goldsmith, Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Israel
   229. Helen Gonçalves, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
   230. Marcela Gonzalez Gross, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
   231. Juan P González Rivas, The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela
   232. Mariano Bonet Gorbea, National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba
   233. Frederic Gottrand, Université de Lille 2, France
   234. Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
   235. Dušan Grafnetter, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic
   236. Aneta Grajda, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland
   237. Maria G Grammatikopoulou, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece
   238. Ronald D Gregor, Dalhousie University, Canada
   239. Tomasz Grodzicki, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
   240. Anders Grøntved, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   241. Grabriella Gruden, University of Turin, Italy
   242. Vera Grujic, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
   243. Dongfeng Gu, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, China
   244. Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, University of Ferrara, Italy
   245. Ong Peng Guan, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
   246. Vilmundur Gudnason, Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland
   247. Ramiro Guerrero, Universidad Icesi, Colombia
   248. Idris Guessous, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
   249. Andre L Guimaraes, State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
   250. Martin C Gulliford, King's College London, United Kingdom
   251. Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland
   252. Marc Gunter, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   253. Xiuhua Guo, Capital Medical University, China
   254. Yin Guo, Capital Medical University, China
   255. Prakash C Gupta, Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India
   256. Oye Gureje, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
   257. Beata Gurzkowska, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland
   258. Laura Gutierrez, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
   259. Felix Gutzwiller, University of Zurich, Switzerland
   260. Jytte Halkjær, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark
   261. Ian R Hambleton, The University of the West Indies, Barbados
   262. Rebecca Hardy, University College London, United Kingdom
   263. Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   264. Jun Hata, Kyushu University, Japan
   265. Alison J Hayes, University of Sydney, Australia
   266. Jiang He, Tulane University, United States
   267. Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks, Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   268. Leticia Hernandez Cadena, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
   269. Sauli Herrala, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
   270. Ramin Heshmat, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Iran
   271. Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   272. Sai Yin Ho, University of Hong Kong, China
   273. Suzanne C Ho, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
   274. Michael Hobbs, University of Western Australia, Australia
   275. Albert Hofman, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   276. Claudia M Hormiga, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia
   277. Bernardo L Horta, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
   278. Leila Houti, University of Oran 1, Algeria
   279. Christina Howitt, The University of the West Indies, Barbados
   280. Thein Thein Htay, Independent Public Health Specialist, Myanmar
   281. Aung Soe Htet, University of Oslo, Norway
   282. Maung Maung Than Htike, International Realtions Division, Nay Pyi Taw
   283. Yonghua Hu, Peking University Health Science Center, China
   284. Abdullatif Husseini, Birzeit University, Palestine
   285. Chinh Nguyen Huu, National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam
   286. Inge Huybrechts, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
   287. Nahla Hwalla, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
   288. Licia Iacoviello, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
   289. Anna G Iannone, Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy
   290. Mohsen M Ibrahim, Cairo University, Egypt
   291. Nayu Ikeda, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan
   292. M Arfan Ikram, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   293. Vilma E Irazola, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
   294. Muhammad Islam, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
   295. Vanja Ivkovic, UHC Zagreb, Croatia
   296. Masanori Iwasaki, Niigata University, Japan
   297. Rod T Jackson, University of Auckland, New Zealand
   298. Jeremy M Jacobs, Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel
   299. Tazeen Jafar, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
   300. Kazi M Jamil, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait
   301. Konrad Jamrozik, University of Adelaide, Australia
   302. Imre Janszky, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
   303. Grazyna Jasienska, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
   304. Bojan Jelakovic, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia
   305. Chao Qiang Jiang, Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China
   306. Michel Joffres, Simon Fraser University, Canada
   307. Mattias Johansson, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
   308. Jost B Jonas, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany
   309. Torben Jørgensen, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark
   310. Pradeep Joshi, World Health Organization Country Office, India
   311. Anne Juolevi, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   312. Gregor Jurak, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
   313. Vesna Jureša, University of Zagreb, Croatia
   314. Rudolf Kaaks, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
   315. Anthony Kafatos, University of Crete, Greece
   316. Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
   317. Efthymios Kapantais, Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece
   318. Amir Kasaeian, Tehran University of Medical Science, Iran
   319. Joanne Katz, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
   320. Prabhdeep Kaur, National Institute of Epidemiology, India
   321. Maryam Kavousi, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   322. Ulrich Keil, University of Münster, Germany
   323. Lital Keinan Boker, Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel
   324. Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
   325. Roya Kelishadi, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Iran
   326. Han CG Kemper, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
   327. Andre P Kengne, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
   328. Mathilde Kersting, Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany
   329. Timothy Key, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
   330. Yousef Saleh Khader, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
   331. Davood Khalili, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   332. Young-Ho Khang, Seoul National University, South Korea
   333. Kay-Tee H Khaw, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
   334. Ilse MSL Khouw, FrieslandCampina, Singapore
   335. Stefan Kiechl, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
   336. Japhet Killewo, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
   337. Jeongseon Kim, National Cancer Center, South Korea
   338. Jeannette Klimont, Statistics Austria, Austria
   339. Jurate Klumbiene, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
   340. Bhawesh Koirala, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
   341. Elin Kolle, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
   342. Patrick Kolsteren, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
   343. Paul Korrovits, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia
   344. Seppo Koskinen, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   345. Katsuyasu Kouda, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
   346. Slawomir Koziel, Polish Academy of Sciences Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Poland
   347. Wolfgang Kratzer, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
   348. Steinar Krokstad, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
   349. Daan Kromhout, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
   350. Herculina S Kruger, North-West University, South Africa
   351. Ruzena Kubinova, National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
   352. Urho M Kujala, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
   353. Krzysztof Kula, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
   354. Zbigniew Kulaga, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland
   355. R Krishna Kumar, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
   356. Pawel Kurjata, The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland
   357. Yadlapalli S Kusuma, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
   358. Kari Kuulasmaa, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   359. Catherine Kyobutungi, African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya
   360. Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Morocco
   361. Tiina Laatikainen, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   362. Carl Lachat, Ghent University, Belgium
   363. Youcef Laid, National Institute of Public Health of Algeria, Algeria
   364. Tai Hing Lam, University of Hong Kong, China
   365. Orlando Landrove, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba
   366. Vera Lanska, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic
   367. Georg Lappas, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden
   368. Bagher Larijani, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran
   369. Lars E Laugsand, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
   370. Avula Laxmaiah, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   371. Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam
   372. Tuyen D Le, National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam
   373. Catherine Leclercq, Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy
   374. Jeannette Lee, National University of Singapore, Singapore
   375. Jeonghee Lee, National Cancer Center, South Korea
   376. Terho Lehtimäki, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
   377. Rampal Lekhraj, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
   378. Luz M León-Muñoz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
   379. Yanping Li, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
   380. Christa L Lilly, West Virginia University, United States
   381. Wei-Yen Lim, National University of Singapore, Singapore
   382. M Fernanda Lima-Costa, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil
   383. Hsien-Ho Lin, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
   384. Xu Lin, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
   385. Allan Linneberg, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark
   386. Lauren Lissner, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
   387. Mieczyslaw Litwin, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland
   388. Jing Liu, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
   389. Roberto Lorbeer, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
   390. Paulo A Lotufo, University of São Paulo, Brazil
   391. José Eugenio Lozano, Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain
   392. Dalia Luksiene, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
   393. Annamari Lundqvist, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   394. Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
   395. Per Lytsy, University of Uppsala, Sweden
   396. Guansheng Ma, Peking University, China
   397. Jun Ma, Peking University, China
   398. George LL Machado-Coelho, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
   399. Suka Machi, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
   400. Stefania Maggi, National Research Council, Italy
   401. Dianna J ano, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
   402. Bernard Maire, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
   403. Marcia Makdisse, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
   404. Reza Malekzadeh, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   405. Rahul Malhotra, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
   406. Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   407. Sofia Malyutina, Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Russia
   408. Yannis Manios, Harokopio University, Greece
   409. Jim I Mann, University of Otago, New Zealand
   410. Enzo Manzato, University of Padova, Italy
   411. Paula Margozzini, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
   412. Oonagh Markey, University of Reading, United Kingdom
   413. Pedro Marques-Vidal, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
   414. Jaume Marrugat, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Médiques, Spain
   415. Yves Martin-Prevel, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
   416. Reynaldo Martorell, Emory University, United States
   417. Shariq R Masoodi, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, India
   418. Ellisiv B Mathiesen, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
   419. Tandi E Matsha, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa
   420. Artur Mazur, University of Rzeszow, Poland
   421. Jean Claude N Mbanya, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon
   422. Shelly R McFarlane, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
   423. Stephen T McGarvey, Brown University, United States
   424. Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
   425. Stela McLachlan, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
   426. Rachael M McLean, University of Otago, New Zealand
   427. Breige A McNulty, University College Dublin, Ireland
   428. Safiah Md Yusof, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
   429. Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor, University of Oran 1, Algeria
   430. Aline Meirhaeghe, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France
   431. Christa Meisinger, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
   432. Ana Maria B Menezes, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
   433. Gert BM Mensink, Robert Koch Institute, Germany
   434. Indrapal I Meshram, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   435. Andres Metspalu, University of Tartu, Estonia
   436. Jie Mi, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
   437. Kim F Michaelsen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
   438. Kairit Mikkel, University of Tartu, Estonia
   439. Jody C Miller, University of Otago, New Zealand
   440. Juan Francisco Miquel, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
   441. J Jaime Miranda, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru
   442. Marjeta Mišigoj-Durakovic, University of Zagreb, Croatia
   443. Mostafa K Mohamed, Ain Shams University, Egypt
   444. Kazem Mohammad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   445. Noushin Mohammadifard, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran
   446. Viswanathan Mohan, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   447. Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia
   448. Drude Molbo, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
   449. Niels C Møller, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   450. Dénes Molnár, University of Pécs, Hungary
   451. Charles K Mondo, Mulago Hospital, Uganda
   452. Eric A Monterrubio, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico
   453. Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki, University of Limpopo, South Africa
   454. Leila B Moreira, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
   455. Alain Morejon, University Medical Science, Cuba
   456. Luis A Moreno, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
   457. Karen Morgan, RCSI Dublin, Ireland
   458. Erik Lykke Mortensen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
   459. George Moschonis, Harokopio University, Greece
   460. Malgorzata Mossakowska, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
   461. Aya Mostafa, Ain Shams University, Egypt
   462. Jorge Mota, University of Porto, Portugal
   463. Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   464. Jorge Motta, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama
   465. Thet Thet Mu, Department of Public Health, Myanmar
   466. Maria Lorenza Muiesan, University of Brescia, Italy
   467. Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
   468. Neil Murphy, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   469. Jaakko Mursu, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
   470. Elaine M Murtagh, Mary Immaculate College, Ireland
   471. Kamarul Imran Musa, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu
   472. Vera Musil, University of Zagreb, Croatia
   473. Gabriele Nagel, Ulm University, Germany
   474. Harunobu Nakamura, Kobe University, Japan
   475. Námešná Jana, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica
   476. Ei Ei K Nang, National University of Singapore, Singapore
   477. Vinay B Nangia, Suraj Eye Institute, India
   478. Martin Nankap, Helen Keller International, Cameroon
   479. Sameer Narake, Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India
   480. Eva Maria Navarrete Muñoz, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain
   481. William A Neal, West Virginia University, United States
   482. Ilona Nenko, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
   483. Martin Neovius, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
   484. Flavio Nervi, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
   485. Hannelore K Neuhauser, Robert Koch Institute, Germany
   486. Nguyen D Nguyen, University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
   487. Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam
   488. Ramfis E Nieto Martínez, Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela
   489. Guang Ning, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China
   490. Toshiharu Ninomiya, Kyushu University, Japan
   491. Sania Nishtar, Heartfile, Pakistan
   492. Marianna Noale, National Research Council, Italy
   493. Teresa Norat, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   494. Davide Noto, University of Palermo, Italy
   495. Mohannad Al Nsour, Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan
   496. Dermot O'Reilly, The Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom
   497. Kyungwon Oh, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea
   498. Iman H Olayan, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait
   499. Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil
   500. Maciej Oltarzewski, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland
   501. Mohd A Omar, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia
   502. Altan Onat, Istanbul University, Turkey
   503. Pedro Ordunez, Pan American Health Organization, United States
   504. Ana P Ortiz, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
   505. Merete Osler, Research Center for Prevention and Health, Denmark
   506. Clive Osmond, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, United Kingdom
   507. Sergej M Ostojic, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
   508. Johanna A Otero, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia
   509. Kim Overvad, Aarhus University, Denmark
   510. Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
   511. Fred Michel Paccaud, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland
   512. Cristina Padez, University of Coimbra, Portugal
   513. Elena Pahomova, University of Latvia, Latvia
   514. Andrzej Pajak, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
   515. Domenico Palli, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy
   516. Alberto Palloni, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
   517. Luigi Palmieri, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy
   518. Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany
   519. Francesco Panza, University of Bari, Italy
   520. Winsome R Parnell, University of Otago, New Zealand
   521. Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   522. Ivan Pecin, University of Zagreb, Croatia
   523. Mangesh S Pednekar, Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India
   524. Petra H Peeters, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
   525. Sergio Viana Peixoto, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil
   526. Markku Peltonen, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   527. Alexandre C Pereira, Heart Institute, Brazil
   528. Cynthia M Pérez, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
   529. Annette Peters, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
   530. Janina Petkeviciene, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
   531. Niloofar Peykari, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
   532. Son Thai Pham, Vietnam National Heart Institute, Vietnam
   533. Iris Pigeot, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Germany
   534. Hynek Pikhart, University College London, United Kingdom
   535. Aida Pilav, Federal Ministry of Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina
   536. Lorenza Pilotto, Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Italy
   537. Francesco Pistelli, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
   538. Freda Pitakaka, University of New South Wales, Australia
   539. Aleksandra Piwonska, The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland
   540. Pedro Plans-Rubió, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain
   541. Bee Koon Poh, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
   542. Miquel Porta, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Médiques, Spain
   543. Marileen LP Portegies, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
   544. Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece
   545. Rajendra Pradeepa, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   546. Mathur Prashant, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
   547. Jacqueline F Price, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
   548. Maria Puiu, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
   549. Margus Punab Tartu, University Clinics, Estonia
   550. Radwan F Qasrawi, Al-Quds University, Palestine
   551. Mostafa Qorbani, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
   552. Tran Quoc Bao, Ministry of Health, Vietnam
   553. Ivana Radic, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
   554. Ricardas Radisauskas, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
   555. Mahmudur Rahman, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
   556. Olli Raitakari, Turku University Hospital, Finland
   557. Manu Raj, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
   558. Sudha Ramachandra Rao, National Institute of Epidemiology, India
   559. Ambady Ramachandran, India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   560. Jacqueline Ramke, University of New South Wales, Australia
   561. Rafel Ramos, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Spain
   562. Sanjay Rampal, University of Malaya, Malaysia
   563. Finn Rasmussen, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
   564. Josep Redon, University of Valencia, Spain
   565. Paul Ferdinand M Reganit, University of the Philippines, Philippines
   566. Robespierre Ribeiro, Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Brazil
   567. Elio Riboli, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   568. Fernando Rigo, Health Center San Agustín, Spain
   569. Tobias F Rinke de Wit, PharmAccess Foundation, The Netherlands
   570. Raphael M Ritti-Dias, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
   571. Juan A Rivera, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico
   572. Sian M Robinson, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
   573. Cynthia Robitaille, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
   574. Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
   575. María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Canarian Health Service, Spain
   576. Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
   577. Rosalba Rojas-Martinez, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico
   578. Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Mahidol University, Thailand
   579. Dora Romaguera, CIBEROBN, Spain
   580. Kimmo Ronkainen, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
   581. Annika Rosengren, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
   582. Ian Rouse, Fiji National University, Fiji
   583. Adolfo Rubinstein, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
   584. Frank J Rühli, University of Zurich, Switzerland
   585. Ornelas Rui, University of Madeira, Portugal
   586. Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
   587. Andrea RV Russo Horimoto, Heart Institute, Brazil
   588. Marcin Rutkowski, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
   589. Charumathi Sabanayagam, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
   590. Harshpal S Sachdev, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India
   591. Olfa Saidi, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
   592. Benoit Salanave, French Public Health Agency, France
   593. Eduardo Salazar Martinez, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
   594. Veikko Salomaa, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   595. Jukka T Salonen, University of Helsinki, Finland
   596. Massimo Salvetti, University of Brescia, Italy
   597. Jose Sánchez-Abanto, National Institute of Health, Peru
   598. Sandjaja, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
   599. Susana Sans, Catalan Department of Health, Spain
   600. Diana A Santos, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
   601. Osvaldo Santos, Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Portugal
   602. Renata Nunes dos Santos, University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil
   603. Rute Santos, University of Porto, Portugal
   604. Jouko L Saramies, South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Finland
   605. Luis B Sardinha, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
   606. Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran
   607. Kai-Uwe Saum, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
   608. Savvas C Savva, Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus
   609. Marcia Scazufca, University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil
   610. Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Robert Koch Institute, Germany
   611. Herman Schargrodsky, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
   612. Anja Schienkiewitz, Robert Koch Institute, Germany
   613. Ida Maria Schmidt, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
   614. Ione J Schneider, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
   615. Constance Schultsz, Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   616. Aletta E Schutte, MRC North-West University, South Africa
   617. Aye Aye Sein, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
   618. Abhijit Sen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
   619. Idowu O Senbanjo, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria
   620. Sadaf G Sepanlou, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
   621. Svetlana A Shalnova, National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russia
   622. Sanjib K Sharma, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
   623. Jonathan E Shaw, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
   624. Kenji Shibuya, The University of Tokyo, Japan
   625. Dong Wook Shin, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
   626. Youchan Shin, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
   627. Rahman Shiri, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
   628. Rosalynn Siantar, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
   629. Abla M Sibai, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
   630. Antonio M Silva, Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil
   631. Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
   632. Mary Simon, India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
   633. Judith Simons, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia
   634. Leon A Simons, University of New South Wales, Australia
   635. Michael Sjostrom, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
   636. Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
   637. Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
   638. Liam Smeeth, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
   639. Margaret C Smith, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
   640. Marieke B Snijder, Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   641. Hung-Kwan So, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
   642. Eugéne Sobngwi, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon
   643. Stefan Söderberg, Umeå University, Sweden
   644. Moesijanti YE Soekatri, Health Polytechnics Institute, Indonesia
   645. Vincenzo Solfrizzi, University of Bari, Italy
   646. Emily Sonestedt, Lund University, Sweden
   647. Yi Song, Peking University, China
   648. Thorkild IA Sørensen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
   649. Maroje Soric, University of Zagreb, Croatia
   650. Charles Sossa Jérome, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, West Africa
   651. Aicha Soumare, University of Bordeaux, France
   652. Jan A Staessen, University of Leuven, Belgium
   653. Gregor Starc, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
   654. Maria G Stathopoulou, INSERM, France
   655. Kaspar Staub, University of Zurich, Switzerland
   656. Bill Stavreski, Heart Foundation, Australia
   657. Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
   658. Peter Stehle, Bonn University, Germany
   659. Aryeh D Stein, Emory University, United States
   660. George S Stergiou, Sotiria Hospital, Greece
   661. Jutta Stieber, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
   662. Doris Stöckl, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
   663. Tanja Stocks, Lund University, Sweden
   664. Jakub Stokwiszewski, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland
   665. Gareth Stratton, Swansea University, United Kingdom
   666. Karien Stronks, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   667. Maria Wany Strufaldi, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
   668. Chien-An Sun, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
   669. Johan Sundström, Uppsala University, Sweden
   670. Yn-Tz Sung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
   671. Jordi Sunyer, ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain
   672. Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Mahidol University, Thailand
   673. Boyd A Swinburn, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
   674. Rody G Sy, University of the Philippines, Philippines
   675. Lucjan Szponar, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland
   676. E Shyong Tai, National University of Singapore, Singapore
   677. Mari-Liis Tammesoo, University of Tartu, Estonia
   678. Abdonas Tamosiunas, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
   679. Line Tang, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark
   680. Xun Tang, Peking University Health Science Center, China
   681. Frank Tanser, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
   682. Yong Tao, Peking University, China
   683. Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Ministry of Health, Jordan
   684. Jakob Tarp, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   685. Carolina B Tarqui-Mamani, National Institute of Health, Peru
   686. Anne Taylor, The University of Adelaide, Australia
   687. Félicité Tchibindat, UNICEF, Cameroon
   688. Holger Theobald, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
   689. Lutgarde Thijs, University of Leuven, Belgium
   690. Betina H Thuesen, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark
   691. Anne Tjonneland, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark
   692. Hanna K Tolonen, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
   693. Janne S Tolstrup, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
   694. Murat Topbas, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
   695. Roman Topór-Madry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
   696. Maties Torrent, IB-SALUT Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain
   697. Stefania Toselli, University of Bologna, Italy
   698. Pierre Traissac, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
   699. Antonia Trichopoulou, Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece
   700. Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
   701. Oanh TH Trinh, University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
   702. Atul Trivedi, Government Medical College, India
   703. Lechaba Tshepo, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, South Africa
   704. Marshall K Tulloch-Reid, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
   705. Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
   706. Jaakko Tuomilehto, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
   707. Maria L Turley, Ministry of Health, New Zealand
   708. Per Tynelius, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
   709. Themistoklis Tzotzas, Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece
   710. Christophe Tzourio, University of Bordeaux, France
   711. Peter Ueda, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
   712. Flora AM Ukoli, Meharry Medical College, United States
   713. Hanno Ulmer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
   714. Belgin Unal, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
   715. Hannu MT Uusitalo, University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Finland
   716. Gonzalo Valdivia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
   717. Susana Vale, University of Porto, Portugal
   718. Damaskini Valvi, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
   719. Yvonne T van der Schouw, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
   720. Koen Van Herck, Ghent University, Belgium
   721. Hoang Van Minh, Hanoi School of Public Health, Vietnam
   722. Lenie van Rossem, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
   723. Irene GM van Valkengoed, Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
   724. Dirk Vanderschueren, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
   725. Diego Vanuzzo, Centro di Prevenzione Cardiovascolare Udine, Italy
   726. Lars Vatten, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
   727. Tomas Vega, Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain
   728. Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
   729. Giovanni Veronesi, University of Insubria, Italy
   730. WM Monique Verschuren, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands
   731. Roosmarijn Verstraeten, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
   732. Cesar G Victora, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
   733. Giovanni Viegi, Italian National Research Council, Italy
   734. Lucie Viet, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands
   735. Eira Viikari-Juntura, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
   736. Paolo Vineis, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
   737. Jesus Vioque, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain
   738. Jyrki K Virtanen, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
   739. Sophie Visvikis-Siest, INSERM, France
   740. Bharathi Viswanathan, Ministry of Health, Seychelles
   741. Peter Vollenweider, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
   742. Sari Voutilainen, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
   743. Ana Vrdoljak, UHC Zagreb, Croatia
   744. Martine Vrijheid, ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain
   745. Alisha N Wade, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
   746. Aline Wagner, University of Strasbourg, France
   747. Janette Walton, University College Cork, Ireland
   748. Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia
   749. Ming-Dong Wang, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
   750. Qian Wang, Xinjiang Medical University, China
   751. Ya Xing Wang, Beijing Tongren Hospital, China
   752. S Goya Wannamethee, University College London, United Kingdom
   753. Nicholas Wareham, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
   754. Deepa Weerasekera, Ministry of Health, New Zealand
   755. Peter H Whincup, St George’s, University of London
   756. Kurt Widhalm, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
   757. Indah S Widyahening, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
   758. Andrzej Wiecek, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
   759. Alet H Wijga, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands
   760. Rainford J Wilks, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
   761. Johann Willeit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
   762. Tom Wilsgaard, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
   763. Bogdan Wojtyniak, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland
   764. Jyh Eiin Wong, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
   765. Tien Yin Wong, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
   766. Jean Woo, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
   767. Mark Woodward, University of Sydney, Australia
   768. Frederick C Wu, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
   769. Jianfeng Wu, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
   770. Shou Ling Wu, Kailuan General Hospital, China
   771. Haiquan Xu, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture, China
   772. Liang Xu, Capital Medical University, China
   773. Uruwan Yamborisut, Mahidol University, Thailand
   774. Weili Yan, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, China
   775. Xiaoguang Yang, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
   776. Nazan Yardim, Ministry of Health, Turkey
   777. Xingwang Ye, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
   778. Panayiotis K Yiallouros, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
   779. Akihiro Yoshihara, Niigata University, Japan
   780. Qi Sheng You, Capital Medical University, China
   781. Novie O Younger-Coleman, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
   782. Ahmad F Yusoff, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia
   783. Ahmad A Zainuddin, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
   784. Sabina Zambon, University of Padova, Italy
   785. Tomasz Zdrojewski, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
   786. Yi Zeng, Duke University, United States
   787. Dong Zhao, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
   788. Wenhua Zhao, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
   789. Yingfeng Zheng, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
   790. Maigeng Zhou, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
   791. Dan Zhu, Inner Mongolia Medical University, China
   792. Esther Zimmermann, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
   793. Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama

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