Two bifunctional inositol pyrophosphate kinases/phosphatases control plant phosphate homeostasis
- University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Germany
- University of Bonn, Germany
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Germany
- Leibniz University, Germany
Abstract
Many eukaryotic proteins regulating phosphate (Pi) homeostasis contain SPX domains that are receptors for inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsP), suggesting that PP-InsPs may regulate Pi homeostasis. Here we report that deletion of two diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases VIH1/2 impairs plant growth and leads to constitutive Pi starvation responses. Deletion of phosphate starvation response transcription factors partially rescues vih1 vih2 mutant phenotypes, placing diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases in plant Pi signal transduction cascades. VIH1/2 are bifunctional enzymes able to generate and break-down PP-InsPs. Mutations in the kinase active site lead to increased Pi levels and constitutive Pi starvation responses. ATP levels change significantly in different Pi growth conditions. ATP-Mg2+ concentrations shift the relative kinase and phosphatase activities of diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases in vitro. Pi inhibits the phosphatase activity of the enzyme. Thus, VIH1 and VIH2 relay changes in cellular ATP and Pi concentrations to changes in PP-InsP levels, allowing plants to maintain sufficient Pi levels.
Data availability
Pi measurements: raw data included in actual figurePhenotypes: representative lines shown in main figures, at least three independent lines shown in figure supplementsWestern blots: full western blots shown in figure supplementsProtein gels: Full gels shown in figure 5 supplement 1 and figure 6 supplement 1DNA sequences of the truncated VIH2 transcript is in figure 2 supplement 1NMR data: full 1D and 2D spectra shown in figure 5 and figure 5 supplement 2, figure 6 supplement 2
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
H2020 European Research Council (310856)
- Michael Hothorn
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (CRSII5_170925)
- Dorothea Fiedler
- Michael Hothorn
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (55008733)
- Michael Hothorn
European Molecular Biology Organization (ALTF 493-2015)
- Kelvin Lau
Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (SAW-2017-FMP-1)
- Dorothea Fiedler
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHA 1274/4-1)
- Gabriel Schaaf
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Youjun Zhang
- Alisdair R Fernie
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (PlantaSYST)
- Youjun Zhang
- Alisdair R Fernie
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Reviewing Editor
- Jürgen Kleine-Vehn, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria
Version history
- Received: November 12, 2018
- Accepted: August 21, 2019
- Accepted Manuscript published: August 22, 2019 (version 1)
- Version of Record published: September 6, 2019 (version 2)
Copyright
© 2019, Zhu et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Two bifunctional inositol pyrophosphate kinases/phosphatases control plant phosphate homeostasis
eLife 8:e43582.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.43582
Further reading
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The ATPase p97 (also known as VCP, Cdc48) has crucial functions in a variety of important cellular processes such as protein quality control, organellar homeostasis, and DNA damage repair, and its de-regulation is linked to neuromuscular diseases and cancer. p97 is tightly controlled by numerous regulatory cofactors, but the full range and function of the p97–cofactor network is unknown. Here, we identify the hitherto uncharacterized FAM104 proteins as a conserved family of p97 interactors. The two human family members VCP nuclear cofactor family member 1 and 2 (VCF1/2) bind p97 directly via a novel, alpha-helical motif and associate with p97-UFD1-NPL4 and p97-UBXN2B complexes in cells. VCF1/2 localize to the nucleus and promote the nuclear import of p97. Loss of VCF1/2 results in reduced nuclear p97 levels, slow growth, and hypersensitivity to chemical inhibition of p97 in the absence and presence of DNA damage, suggesting that FAM104 proteins are critical regulators of nuclear p97 functions.
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Background: High levels of circulating adiponectin are associated with increased insulin sensitivity, low prevalence of diabetes, and low body mass index (BMI); however, high levels of circulating adiponectin are also associated with increased mortality in the 60-70 age group. In this study, we aimed to clarify factors associated with circulating high-molecular-weight (cHMW) adiponectin levels and their association with mortality in the very old (85-89 years old) and centenarians.
Methods: The study included 812 (women: 84.4%) for centenarians and 1,498 (women: 51.7%) for the very old. The genomic DNA sequence data were obtained by whole genome sequencing or DNA microarray-imputation methods. LASSO and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate cHMW adiponectin characteristics and associated factors. All-cause mortality was analyzed in three quantile groups of cHMW adiponectin levels using Cox regression.
Results: The cHMW adiponectin levels were increased significantly beyond 100 years of age, were negatively associated with diabetes prevalence, and were associated with SNVs in CDH13 (p = 2.21 × 10-22) and ADIPOQ (p = 5.72 × 10-7). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that genetic variants, BMI, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were the main factors associated with cHMW adiponectin levels in the very old, whereas the BMI showed no association in centenarians. The hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in the intermediate and high cHMW adiponectin groups in very old men were significantly higher rather than those for all-cause mortality in the low level cHMW adiponectin group, even after adjustment with BMI. In contrast, the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were significantly higher for high cHMW adiponectin groups in very old women, but were not significant after adjustment with BMI.
Conclusions: cHMW adiponectin levels increased with age until centenarians, and the contribution of known major factors associated with cHMW adiponectin levels, including BMI and HDLC, varies with age, suggesting that its physiological significance also varies with age in the oldest old.
Funding: This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labour for the Scientific Research Projects for Longevity; a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No 21590775, 24590898, 15KT0009, 18H03055, 20K20409, 20K07792, 23H03337) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Keio University Global Research Institute (KGRI), Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Research Complex Program 'Tonomachi Research Complex' Wellbeing Research Campus: Creating new values through technological and social innovation (JP15667051), the Program for an Integrated Database of Clinical and Genomic Information from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (No. 16kk0205009h001, 17jm0210051h0001, 19dk0207045h0001); the medical-welfare-food-agriculture collaborative consortium project from the Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries; and the Biobank Japan Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology.
