Multi-modal imaging, genetic and behavioral findings in humans and mice revealed that metabotropic glutamate receptors of subtype 5 contribute to the molecular machinery keeping track of sleep need and coping with physiological and behavioral consequences of sleep loss, pointing to novel targets for improved wakefulness and sleep.

Id2 GABAergic interneurons represent a fourth major group of local inhibitory neurons that includes neurogliaform cells, and these neurons can be targeted using intersectional genetics, revealing their distinctive connectivity and in vivo activity properties.

Loss of REM sleep increases sucrose and fat consumption in mice; and inhibiting the prefrontal cortex reverses the increased consumption of sucrose, but not fat, following REM sleep loss.

A computational framework and analysis of rodent CA1 data reveals that theta oscillations sequentially sweep through the past, present, and future at a spatial scale that varies with the characteristic speed of the animal.

Controlling for the effects of mechanical stimulation during sleep deprivation reveals substantial multi-cycle sleep rebound in Drosophila and reveals serotonin as a potential sleep substance in the fly brain.

Cholinergic system play an important role in waking-to-sleep cycles and in sleep stabilization.

Sexual arousal, exposure to aphrodisiac pheromones, or mere activation of peripheral pheromone-sensing neurons can modulate sleep homeostasis and are able to counteract the effects of sleep deprivation in Drosophila.

Non-oscillatory brain activity can be used to monitor arousal levels during both NREM and REM sleep as well as under general anesthesia with propofol.

Severe neurodevelopmental disorder risk gene functions are retained into adulthood and they contribute to disease phenotypes, indicating that these patients may respond to treatments throughout life.

Sleep-related hemodynamic signals are much larger than those in the awake brain, so it is crucial to monitor the arousal state during studies of spontaneous activity.