Many bacteria use the Nus factor antitermination complex to prevent premature Rho-dependent transcription termination of their CRISPR arrays.

A combination of X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics and small angle X-ray scattering shows that the transcription antiterminator M2-1 is a structurally dynamic homotetramer that undergoes large concerted conformational changes upon binding its target RNA.

The discontinuous speed of transcription enables riboswitch molecules to adopt meta-stable structures in response to the presence of their cognate ligand, thereby gene-regulation by means of structure induced transcription termination can occur.

Transcription factors can read out both the sequence and the structure of the non-template DNA strand in the transcription bubble, expanding the repertoire of mechanisms to control transcription.

NusG enhances transcription elongation by stabilizing DNA base pairs immediately upstream of the RNA-DNA hybrid but does not measurably affect the nucleotide incorporation and the forward translocation by RNA polymerase.

The general transcription elongation factor NusG functions as an intrinsic termination factor in Bacillus subtilis and together with NusA coordinates global gene expression including the motility regulon.

A riboswitch class has been discovered for phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, the biochemical precursor of nucleotides, and this novel RNA sensor commonly operates in tandem with a guanine aptamer to function like a Boolean logic gate.

A synthetic riboswitch binding one isoform of a photoreversible ligand provides a photoregulatory tool for bacterial translation initiation.

σ²⁸-Dependent sRNAs fine-tune flagella synthesis, with one sRNA connecting synthesis with metabolism and two sRNAs with opposing effects connecting synthesis with ribosomal protein production through unique binding within coding sequences.