2-Oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases from clade C23 are the major source of guanidine in plants and release guanidine from arginine or homoarginine by C5 or C6 hydroxylation, respectively.

Interactions between Neuropilin-1 and VEGFR2, rather than VEGF-Neuropilin-1 binding, underlie Neuropilin-1's critical function in VEGF-mediated vascular development.

IL4i1 is an amino acid oxidase expressed in the mammalian immune system and snake venoms, which control diametrically opposite cell protection versus cell death pathways, respectively.

Hippocampal metabolomic analyses following episodic learning at different ages revealed a critical role for neuronal glutathione reductase activity in long-term infantile memory formation.