Addictive drugs, as well as ketamine/xylazine, change the connectivity to ventral tegmental area dopamine cells, which may be related to cellular activity.
Exposure of human cortical interneurons to hypoxia leads to decreased migration, a process that is likely altered in preterm infants and contributes to the increased risk for neurodevelopmental problems.
Neural reward signals following effort are amplified for self-benefiting outcomes but attenuated for other-benefiting outcomes, contingent upon reward magnitude and individual effort sensitivity.
