Ubiquitination plays a prominent role in the signaling cascades of many plant hormones (Santner and Estelle, 2010), such as auxins (Salehin et al., 2015), jasmonates (Nagels Durand et al., 2016), gibberellins (Wang and Deng, 2011), and strigolactones (Marzec, 2016), but also in many plant developmental processes and responses to stress (Shu and Yang, 2017). Therefore, a very tight control of this process and a high substrate specificity, which is mainly determined by the E3 ubiquitin ligases (Shu and Yang, 2017), are required. The tremendous diversity of the ubiquitination system and its potential in post-translational regulation are illustrated by the presence of more than 1400 genes that encode E3 ligases in Arabidopsis (Vierstra, 2009). Furthermore, there is a high diversity of ubiquitination types and combinations with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) (Callis, 2014; Swatek and Komander, 2016), as well as of the fate of the ubiquitinated protein, such as degradation, delocalization or changes in activity (Swatek and Komander, 2016).

In contrast to the more intensively studied action of E3 ligases, insights into the specific roles of deubiquitination enzymes (DUBs) in plant growth and development are only recently emerging. DUBs can generate free ubiquitin from tandem-linear repeats (Callis et al., 1995; Callis et al., 1990), are able to trim ubiquitin chains by hydrolyzing the isopeptide bond between ubiquitin molecules, and can remove covalently bound ubiquitin from proteins (Komander et al., 2009). The Arabidopsis genome codes for around 50 DUBs. As in yeast and mammals, they can be divided into five classes: the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UHCs), JAB1/MPN/MOV34 (JAMM) domain DUBs that are zinc metalloproteases, ovarian tumor proteases, the Machado-Josephin domain (MJD) DUBs, and the ubiquitin binding proteins (UBPs), which is the largest group (Isono and Nagel, 2014). All UBPs contain specific catalytic Cys- and His-boxes, which are highly conserved in both sequence and length (Zhou et al., 2017). Based on their sequence homology and protein domain organization, these 27 members can be further divided into 14 subfamilies (Yan et al., 2000). UBP12 and UBP13 are the largest UBPs and contain a unique meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain. They were first reported to be functional deubiquitinating enzymes that negatively regulate plant immunity (Ewan et al., 2011). Since then, both proteins have been described to be involved in diverse molecular pathways. Mutations in UBP12 and UBP13 result in early flowering and a decreased periodicity of circadian rhythm (Cui et al., 2013). Molecularly, GIGANTEA (GI) recruits UBP12 and UBP13 to the ZEITLUPE (ZTL) photoreceptor complex, which antagonizes the E3 ligase activity of ZTL and hereby stabilizes GI, ZTL and TOC1 [TIMING OF CAB (CHLOROPHYLL A/B-BINDING PROTEIN EXPRESSION) 1] protein levels (Lee et al., 2019). In addition, UBP12 and UBP13 can regulate the expression of several genes by deubiquitinating ubiquitinated H2A (H2Aub) upon associating with LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1, a plant-specific polycomb group (PcG) protein (Derkacheva et al., 2016). Polyubiquitination of MYC2 by the PUB10 E3 ligase can be counteracted by UBP12 and UBP13, preventing degradation of MYC2 by the 26S proteasome which then activates jasmonic acid signaling (Jeong et al., 2017). In a similar manner, ROOT GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1 (RGFR1) and ORESARA 1 (ORE1) are deubiquitinated and therefore stabilized by UBP12 and UBP13, leading to an increased root sensitivity to the RGF1 peptide hormone (An et al., 2018) and an acceleration in leaf senescence (Park et al., 2019), respectively.

Mutations in UBP12 or UBP13 decrease rosette leaf number and double mutants display severe developmental defects (Cui et al., 2013). However, a direct link between these deubiquitinating enzymes and leaf growth and development remains elusive. Here, we found that UBP12 and UBP13 interact with DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 in vivo. DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 have previously been documented to negatively regulate leaf growth. Upon multiple mono-ubiquitination by BIG BROTHER (BB) or DA2, these latent peptidases are activated to cleave growth regulators, such as UBP15, TCP14, TCP15 and TCP22 (Dong et al., 2017). In addition, the activating E3 ligases BB and DA2 are cleaved and BB is subsequently degraded by the N-degron pathway, mediated by PROTEOLYSIS 1 (PRT1) (Dong et al., 2017). Single knock-outs in DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 only have very subtle effects on organ size (Dong et al., 2017; Li et al., 2008). Plant growth is however strongly enhanced in the double mutant da1ko_dar1-1, comparable to da1-1 mutants, which carry a point mutation (DA1^R358K) (Li et al., 2008). The latter mutation has a dominant-negative action towards DA1 and DAR1 (Li et al., 2008) and causes a reduction in peptidase activity (Dong et al., 2017). Rosette growth is however severely impaired in the triple mutant da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1, and the size of leaf cells and the extent of endoreduplication are reduced (Peng et al., 2015). This phenotype can be complemented by ectopic expression of DA1, DAR1 or DAR2, suggesting they work redundantly in leaves (Peng et al., 2015). On the other hand, overexpression of GFP-DA1 results in smaller organs with fewer cells (Vanhaeren et al., 2017). Mutants of UBP15 can abolish the da1-1 phenotype and give rise to smaller organs (Du et al., 2014). Inversely, ectopic expression of UBP15 enhances growth (Du et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2008).

Here, we demonstrate that UBP12 and UBP13 not only bind DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, but can also remove ubiquitin from these proteins, rendering them in an inactive state. Moreover, UBP12 and UBP13 were not found to be proteolytically cleaved by DA1, DAR1 or DAR2, indicating they work upstream in this pathway. In line with these findings, UBP12 and UBP13 mutants and overexpression lines exhibit macroscopic, cellular and molecular phenotypes overlapping with those of 35S::GFP-DA1 overexpression lines and da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1 mutants, respectively. Our data provide evidence for a pivotal role of UBP12 and UBP13 in restricting the protease activity of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 during plant growth and development.

Ubiquitination is an important post-transcriptional modification that comes in various forms of complexity, which can lead to diverse effects on the fate of the substrate protein (Callis, 2014; Swatek and Komander, 2016). The latent peptidases DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 are activated upon multiple mono-ubiquitinations by BB and DA2 and can subsequently cleave several growth regulators (Dong et al., 2017). In this study, we identified two ubiquitin-specific proteases, UBP12 an UBP13, that interact with DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 in vitro and in vivo. Our experiments demonstrate that these UBPs work antagonistically to BB and DA2. Incubation of ubiquitinated DA1, DAR1 or DAR2 with either UBP12 or UBP13 resulted in strong deubiquitination. Interestingly, our in vitro immunoprecipitation (IP) shows that UBP12 and UBP13 can also interact with the unubiquitinated forms of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2. Similar deubiquitination experiments with other UBPs, such as UBP3, UBP15 and UBP24, demonstrated that this activity was specific for UBP12 and UBP13. Interestingly, UBP15 has already been shown to genetically interact with DA1 (Du et al., 2014) and UBP15 proteins can be cleaved by activated DA1 peptidases (Dong et al., 2017). Our results indicate that UBP15 has no deubiquitination activity towards DA1 and acts therefore downstream in this pathway. On the other hand, UBP12 and UBP13 are not substrates of DA1, unlike UBP15 (Dong et al., 2017; Du et al., 2014), which suggests they work more upstream in this signaling cascade. Most probably, UBP15 deubiquitinates and alters the fate of other downstream growth-regulating proteins. UBP12 and UBP13 have recently been described to deubiquitinate various poly-ubiquitinated proteins, preventing their proteasomal degradation (An et al., 2018; Jeong et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019). In addition, they can decrease the levels of mono-ubiquitinated H2A (Derkacheva et al., 2016) and remove multiple mono-ubiquitinations from DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 as described here. This demonstrates the flexibility of these UBPs towards different types of ubiquitination (Clague et al., 2019). Here, we could not find evidence that besides the removal of the multiple mono-ubiquitination sites of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, potential degradation of these proteins by removal of poly-ubiquitination was mediated by UBP12 or UBP13.

In contrast to the early flowering time-related genes (Cui et al., 2013), downregulation of either UBP12 or UBP13 did not alter leaf size, indicating that these genes work redundantly in controlling leaf size. The leaf area was only reduced in ubp12-2 mutants, in which levels of both UBP12 and UBP13 are decreased (Cui et al., 2013). The subsequently decreased deubiquitination activity towards DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 could result in an accumulation of the activated peptidases in ubp12-2 mutants, leading to a decrease in cell number and leaf area. A similar phenotype is also observed in GFP-DA1 overexpressing plants (Vanhaeren et al., 2017) and in the ubp15 mutant (Du et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2008). In contrast, high ectopic expression of either UBP12 or UBP13 would result in very low levels of ubiquitinated DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, leading to a severe disturbance of leaf development. Indeed, 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 plants were strongly reduced in growth in a similar manner as da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1 triple mutants (Peng et al., 2015). A more detailed cellular and molecular analysis of 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 leaves revealed more parallels, such as a strong reduction in cell area and a decrease in ploidy levels at the early stages of leaf development, which were also observed in da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1 plants (Peng et al., 2015). The complete absence of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 proteins in da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1 plants could however explain its stronger reduction in endoreduplication than that of UBP12 and UBP13 overexpression lines, in which ubiquitination of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 can still occur, but is likely kept at a very low level. In addition, several markers of cell proliferation were found to be more highly expressed in 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 during early stages of leaf development, similarly as observed in plants that contain a DA1^R358K mutation (Vanhaeren et al., 2017), which reduces the peptidase activity of DA1 (Dong et al., 2017). However, the final cell number in the UBP12 and UBP13 overexpression lines was not increased, suggesting that a strong reduction of DA1 activity rather delays development but does not increase the duration of cell proliferation and hence the final number of cells.

Previously, it has been shown that DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 negatively regulate their own activity by cleaving their activating E3-ligases BB and DA2, resulting in an activation-repression system (Dong et al., 2017). UBP12 and UBP13 form an additional layer of post-translational regulation to limit the activity of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 by specifically removing ubiquitin, and hence further fine-tune organ growth in this growth-regulatory pathway. This dual system to limit and fine-tune the activity of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 demonstrates the importance of keeping a correct balance between the active and inactive pool of these proteases during leaf development. This is illustrated by the phenotype of plants in which this balance is altered. In wild-type conditions, a correct balance between an inactive and active (ubiquitinated) DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 results in an intact exit from mitosis and standard ploidy levels in leaf cells, which leads to normal plant growth (Figure 7A). High levels of UBP12 or UBP13 can however shift the balance to a depletion of activated DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, which results in a delayed endoreduplication, a severe reduction in cell size and stunted plant growth (Figure 7B), which is highly similar to the phenotype of da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1 mutants (Peng et al., 2015). Low levels of UBP12 and UBP13 might on the other hand lead to an increase in activated DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 levels, more destabilization of its substrates and can hence limit plant growth by reducing both cell area and cell number (Figure 7C). Higher levels of DA1 and mutations in UBP15 have previously been reported to decrease leaf area and cell number (Du et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2008; Vanhaeren et al., 2017). In ubp12-2 mutants and overexpression lines of UBP12 and UBP13, leaf size and the average area of pavement cells are reduced. Because both very low and high levels of DA1 result in growth reduction (Peng et al., 2015; Vanhaeren et al., 2017), a tight balance between active and inactive DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 is crucial for normal plant development. With UBP12 and UBP13 expression levels being relatively constant throughout leaf development, unknown post-translational modifications of UBP12 and UBP13 are likely to alter the activity or specificity towards DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, as is the case with other deubiquitinating enzymes (Huang and Cochran, 2013). Additionally, it remains also unclear if this reduction in cell area in the ubp12-2 mutants or UBP12 and UBP13 overexpression lines results only from altered levels of DA1 activity, or if UBP12 and UBP13 regulate cell expansion through other growth regulators.

Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all

Download asset Open asset

Over the years, it has become increasingly clear that DUBs play a greater role in the development of eukaryotes than just processing and recycling free ubiquitin. Many DUBs are involved in fine-tuning molecular pathways by stabilizing proteins (An et al., 2018; Jeong et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019), through controlling protein endocytosis (Crespo-Yàñez et al., 2018; Row et al., 2006), by mediating DNA damage repair (Nijman et al., 2005) and by regulating transcription (Derkacheva et al., 2016; Joo et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2007) to name a few. Potentially, DUBs could remove ubiquitin of existing chains so other chain types can be formed or other PTMs can be added.

Although our knowledge of organ growth has increased substantially over the last years (Figure 7—figure supplement 1), the developmental and environmental triggers that initiate the ubiquitination and deubiquitination of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, the dominant-negative nature of DA1^R358K, additional potential substrates of the ubiquitin-activated peptidases and other post-translational regulatory elements remain some of the many compelling mysteries of this intriguing growth-regulatory pathway.

All generated data is included in the data source files.

1. 1. An Z
   2. Liu Y
   3. Ou Y
   4. Li J
   5. Zhang B
   6. Sun D
   7. Sun Y
   8. Tang W

   (2018) Regulation of the stability of RGF1 receptor by the ubiquitin-specific proteases UBP12/UBP13 is critical for root meristem maintenance

   PNAS 115:1123–1128.

   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714177115

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
2. 1. Anastasiou E
   2. Kenz S
   3. Gerstung M
   4. MacLean D
   5. Timmer J
   6. Fleck C
   7. Lenhard M

   (2007) Control of plant organ size by KLUH/CYP78A5-dependent intercellular signaling

   Developmental Cell 13:843–856.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2007.10.001

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
3. 1. Andriankaja M
   2. Dhondt S
   3. De Bodt S
   4. Vanhaeren H
   5. Coppens F
   6. De Milde L
   7. Mühlenbock P
   8. Skirycz A
   9. Gonzalez N
   10. Beemster GT
   11. Inzé D

   (2012) Exit from proliferation during leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana: a not-so-gradual process

   Developmental Cell 22:64–78.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.11.011

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
4. 1. Callis J
   2. Raasch JA
   3. Vierstra RD

   (1990)

   Ubiquitin extension proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana. Structure, localization, and expression of their promoters in transgenic tobacco

   The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265:12486–12493.

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
5. 1. Callis J
   2. Carpenter T
   3. Sun CW
   4. Vierstra RD

   (1995)

   Structure and evolution of genes encoding polyubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia

   Genetics 139:921–939.

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
6. 1. Callis J

   (2014) The ubiquitination machinery of the ubiquitin system

   The Arabidopsis Book 12:e0174.

   https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0174

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
7. 1. Clague MJ
   2. Urbé S
   3. Komander D

   (2019) Breaking the chains: deubiquitylating enzyme specificity begets function

   Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 20:338–352.

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0099-1

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
8. 1. Crespo-Yàñez X
   2. Aguilar-Gurrieri C
   3. Jacomin AC
   4. Journet A
   5. Mortier M
   6. Taillebourg E
   7. Soleilhac E
   8. Weissenhorn W
   9. Fauvarque MO

   (2018) CHMP1B is a target of USP8/UBPY regulated by ubiquitin during endocytosis

   PLOS Genetics 14:e1007456.

   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007456

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
9. 1. Cui X
   2. Lu F
   3. Li Y
   4. Xue Y
   5. Kang Y
   6. Zhang S
   7. Qiu Q
   8. Cui X
   9. Zheng S
   10. Liu B
   11. Xu X
   12. Cao X

   (2013) Ubiquitin-specific proteases UBP12 and UBP13 act in circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering regulation in Arabidopsis

   Plant Physiology 162:897–906.

   https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.213009

   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
10. 1. Derkacheva M
    2. Liu S
    3. Figueiredo DD
    4. Gentry M
    5. Mozgova I
    6. Nanni P
    7. Tang M
    8. Mannervik M
    9. Köhler C
    10. Hennig L

    (2016) H2A deubiquitinases UBP12/13 are part of the Arabidopsis polycomb group protein system

    Nature Plants 2:126.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.126

    • Google Scholar
11. 1. Doerner P
    2. Jørgensen JE
    3. You R
    4. Steppuhn J
    5. Lamb C

    (1996) Control of root growth and development by cyclin expression

    Nature 380:520–523.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/380520a0

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
12. 1. Dong H
    2. Dumenil J
    3. Lu FH
    4. Na L
    5. Vanhaeren H
    6. Naumann C
    7. Klecker M
    8. Prior R
    9. Smith C
    10. McKenzie N
    11. Saalbach G
    12. Chen L
    13. Xia T
    14. Gonzalez N
    15. Seguela M
    16. Inze D
    17. Dissmeyer N
    18. Li Y
    19. Bevan MW

    (2017) Ubiquitylation activates a peptidase that promotes cleavage and destabilization of its activating E3 ligases and diverse growth regulatory proteins to limit cell proliferation in Arabidopsis

    Genes & Development 31:197–208.

    https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.292235.116

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
13. 1. Donnelly PM
    2. Bonetta D
    3. Tsukaya H
    4. Dengler RE
    5. Dengler NG

    (1999) Cell cycling and cell enlargement in developing leaves of Arabidopsis

    Developmental Biology 215:407–419.

    https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1999.9443

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
14. 1. Du L
    2. Li N
    3. Chen L
    4. Xu Y
    5. Li Y
    6. Zhang Y
    7. Li C
    8. Li Y

    (2014) The ubiquitin receptor DA1 regulates seed and organ size by modulating the stability of the ubiquitin-specific protease UBP15/SOD2 in Arabidopsis

    The Plant Cell 26:665–677.

    https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.122663

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
15. 1. Ewan R
    2. Pangestuti R
    3. Thornber S
    4. Craig A
    5. Carr C
    6. O'Donnell L
    7. Zhang C
    8. Sadanandom A

    (2011) Deubiquitinating enzymes AtUBP12 and AtUBP13 and their tobacco homologue NtUBP12 are negative regulators of plant immunity

    New Phytologist 191:92–106.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03672.x

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
16. 1. Horiguchi G
    2. Kim GT
    3. Tsukaya H

    (2005) The transcription factor AtGRF5 and the transcription coactivator AN3 regulate cell proliferation in leaf primordia of Arabidopsis thaliana

    The Plant Journal 43:68–78.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02429.x

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
17. 1. Huang OW
    2. Cochran AG

    (2013) Regulation of deubiquitinase proteolytic activity

    Current Opinion in Structural Biology 23:806–811.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.012

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
18. 1. Isono E
    2. Nagel MK

    (2014) Deubiquitylating enzymes and their emerging role in plant biology

    Frontiers in Plant Science 5:56.

    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00056

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
19. 1. Jeong JS
    2. Jung C
    3. Seo JS
    4. Kim JK
    5. Chua NH

    (2017) The deubiquitinating enzymes UBP12 and UBP13 positively regulate MYC2 levels in jasmonate responses

    The Plant Cell 29:1406–1424.

    https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.17.00216

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
20. 1. Joo HY
    2. Zhai L
    3. Yang C
    4. Nie S
    5. Erdjument-Bromage H
    6. Tempst P
    7. Chang C
    8. Wang H

    (2007) Regulation of cell cycle progression and gene expression by H2A deubiquitination

    Nature 449:1068–1072.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06256

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
21. 1. Kazama T
    2. Ichihashi Y
    3. Murata S
    4. Tsukaya H

    (2010) The mechanism of cell cycle arrest front progression explained by a KLUH/CYP78A5-dependent mobile growth factor in developing leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana

    Plant and Cell Physiology 51:1046–1054.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq051

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
22. 1. Komander D
    2. Clague MJ
    3. Urbé S

    (2009) Breaking the chains: structure and function of the deubiquitinases

    Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10:550–563.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2731

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
23. 1. Lee CM
    2. Li MW
    3. Feke A
    4. Liu W
    5. Saffer AM
    6. Gendron JM

    (2019) GIGANTEA recruits the UBP12 and UBP13 deubiquitylases to regulate accumulation of the ZTL photoreceptor complex

    Nature Communications 10:3750.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11769-7

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
24. 1. Li Y
    2. Zheng L
    3. Corke F
    4. Smith C
    5. Bevan MW

    (2008) Control of final seed and organ size by the DA1 gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana

    Genes & Development 22:1331–1336.

    https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.463608

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
25. 1. Liu Y
    2. Wang F
    3. Zhang H
    4. He H
    5. Ma L
    6. Deng XW

    (2008) Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis ubiquitin-specific protease gene family reveals specific role and redundancy of individual members in development

    The Plant Journal 55:844–856.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03557.x

    • Google Scholar
26. 1. Marzec M

    (2016) Perception and signaling of strigolactones

    Frontiers in Plant Science 7:1260.

    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01260

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
27. 1. Mizukami Y
    2. Fischer RL

    (2000) Plant organ size control: AINTEGUMENTA regulates growth and cell numbers during organogenesis

    PNAS 97:942–947.

    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.2.942

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
28. 1. Nagels Durand A
    2. Pauwels L
    3. Goossens A

    (2016) The ubiquitin system and jasmonate signaling

    Plants 5:6.

    https://doi.org/10.3390/plants5010006

    • Google Scholar
29. 1. Nijman SM
    2. Huang TT
    3. Dirac AM
    4. Brummelkamp TR
    5. Kerkhoven RM
    6. D'Andrea AD
    7. Bernards R

    (2005) The deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 regulates the fanconi Anemia pathway

    Molecular Cell 17:331–339.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2005.01.008

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
30. 1. Park SH
    2. Jeong JS
    3. Seo JS
    4. Park BS
    5. Chua NH

    (2019) Arabidopsis ubiquitin‐specific proteases UBP12 and UBP13 shape ORE1 levels during leaf senescence induced by nitrogen deficiency

    The New Phytologist 223:1447–1460.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15879

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
31. 1. Peng Y
    2. Chen L
    3. Lu Y
    4. Wu Y
    5. Dumenil J
    6. Zhu Z
    7. Bevan MW
    8. Li Y

    (2015) The ubiquitin receptors DA1, DAR1, and DAR2 redundantly regulate endoreduplication by modulating the stability of TCP14/15 in Arabidopsis

    The Plant Cell 27:649–662.

    https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.132274

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
32. 1. Pfaffl MW

    (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR

    Nucleic Acids Research 29:45e.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.9.e45

    • Google Scholar
33. 1. Row PE
    2. Prior IA
    3. McCullough J
    4. Clague MJ
    5. Urbé S

    (2006) The ubiquitin isopeptidase UBPY regulates endosomal ubiquitin dynamics and is essential for receptor down-regulation

    Journal of Biological Chemistry 281:12618–12624.

    https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M512615200

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
34. 1. Salehin M
    2. Bagchi R
    3. Estelle M

    (2015) SCF^TIR1/AFB-based auxin perception: mechanism and role in plant growth and development

    The Plant Cell 27:9–19.

    https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.133744

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
35. 1. Santner A
    2. Estelle M

    (2010) The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates plant hormone signaling

    The Plant Journal 61:1029–1040.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04112.x

    • Google Scholar
36. 1. Shaul O
    2. Mironov V
    3. Burssens S
    4. Van Montagu M
    5. Inze D

    (1996) Two Arabidopsis cyclin promoters mediate distinctive transcriptional oscillation in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells

    PNAS 93:4868–4872.

    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.10.4868

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
37. 1. Shimada TL
    2. Shimada T
    3. Hara-Nishimura I

    (2010) A rapid and non-destructive screenable marker, FAST, for identifying transformed seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana

    The Plant Journal 61:519–528.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04060.x

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
38. 1. Shu K
    2. Yang W

    (2017) E3 ubiquitin ligases: ubiquitous actors in plant development and abiotic stress responses

    Plant and Cell Physiology 58:1461–1476.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcx071

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
39. 1. Swatek KN
    2. Komander D

    (2016) Ubiquitin modifications

    Cell Research 26:399–422.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2016.39

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
40. 1. Tsukaya H

    (2002) The leaf index: heteroblasty, natural variation, and the genetic control of polar processes of leaf expansion

    Plant and Cell Physiology 43:372–378.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf051

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
41. 1. Van Leene J
    2. Eeckhout D
    3. Persiau G
    4. Van De Slijke E
    5. Geerinck J
    6. Van Isterdael G
    7. Witters E
    8. De Jaeger G

    (2011) Isolation of transcription factor complexes from Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures by tandem affinity purification

    Methods in Molecular Biology 754:195–218.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-154-3_11

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
42. 1. Van Leene J
    2. Eeckhout D
    3. Cannoot B
    4. De Winne N
    5. Persiau G
    6. Van De Slijke E
    7. Vercruysse L
    8. Dedecker M
    9. Verkest A
    10. Vandepoele K
    11. Martens L
    12. Witters E
    13. Gevaert K
    14. De Jaeger G

    (2015) An improved toolbox to unravel the plant cellular machinery by tandem affinity purification of Arabidopsis protein complexes

    Nature Protocols 10:169–187.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.199

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
43. 1. Vandesompele J
    2. De Preter K
    3. Pattyn F
    4. Poppe B
    5. Van Roy N
    6. De Paepe A
    7. Speleman F

    (2002) Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes

    Genome Biology 3:206978197.ao.

    https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-research0034

    • Google Scholar
44. 1. Vanhaeren H
    2. Nam YJ
    3. De Milde L
    4. Chae E
    5. Storme V
    6. Weigel D
    7. Gonzalez N
    8. Inzé D

    (2017) Forever young: the role of ubiquitin receptor DA1 and E3 ligase BIG BROTHER in controlling leaf growth and development

    Plant Physiology 173:1269–1282.

    https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01410

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
45. 1. Vercruyssen L
    2. Tognetti VB
    3. Gonzalez N
    4. Van Dingenen J
    5. De Milde L
    6. Bielach A
    7. De Rycke R
    8. Van Breusegem F
    9. Inzé D

    (2015) GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR5 stimulates Arabidopsis chloroplast division, photosynthesis, and leaf longevity

    Plant Physiology 167:817–832.

    https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.256180

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
46. 1. Vierstra RD

    (2009) The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system at the nexus of plant biology

    Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10:385–397.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2688

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
47. 1. Wang F
    2. Deng XW

    (2011) Plant ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and its role in gibberellin signaling

    Cell Research 21:1286–1294.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.118

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
48. 1. Wendrich JR
    2. Boeren S
    3. Möller BK
    4. Weijers D
    5. De Rybel B

    (2017) In Vivo Identification of Plant Protein Complexes Using IP-MS/MS

    Methods in Molecular Biology 1497:147–158.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6469-7_14

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
49. 1. Yan N
    2. Doelling JH
    3. Falbel TG
    4. Durski AM
    5. Vierstra RD

    (2000) The ubiquitin-specific protease family from Arabidopsis. AtUBP1 and 2 are required for the resistance to the amino acid analog canavanine

    Plant Physiology 124:1828–1843.

    https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.4.1828

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
50. 1. Zhou H
    2. Zhao J
    3. Cai J
    4. Patil SB

    (2017) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASES function in plant development and stress responses

    Plant Molecular Biology 94:565–576.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-017-0633-5

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
51. 1. Zhu P
    2. Zhou W
    3. Wang J
    4. Puc J
    5. Ohgi KA
    6. Erdjument-Bromage H
    7. Tempst P
    8. Glass CK
    9. Rosenfeld MG

    (2007) A histone H2A deubiquitinase complex coordinating histone acetylation and H1 dissociation in transcriptional regulation

    Molecular Cell 27:609–621.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2007.07.024

    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar

Acceptance summary:

This work reveals the complex interplay of ubiquitin binding proteins (UBPs) and DA1-related proteins, shedding mechanistic light on ubiqutin-dependent cell identity switches and the control of organ size.

Decision letter after peer review:

Thank you for submitting your article "UBP12 and UBP13 negatively regulate the activity of the ubiquitin-dependent peptidases DA1, DAR1 and DAR2" for consideration by eLife. Your article has been reviewed by three peer reviewers, and the evaluation has been overseen by Jürgen Kleine-Vehn as the Reviewing Editor and Christian Hardtke as the Senior Editor. The reviewers have opted to remain anonymous.

The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission.

The reviewers appreciated the mechanistic advance of your work, unraveling the regulatory importance of UBPs for the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of DA1, DAR1, and DAR2. However, they request that you should further consolidate your core findings prior publication at eLife. Mandatory requests include:

1) Please, provide a confirmation of the physical interaction of UBPs and DAs through another method.

2) Please, illustrate the differences in the level of DA1 ubiquitination depending on UBP12 and UBP13 activity.

3) Please, revise the model at the end so it only reflects what has definitely been shown in this (and previous) studies.

4) To complement the in vitro evidence, the reviewers kindly ask to possibly test whether overexpression or downregulation of UBP12/3 indeed affect DA1/DAR1/2 peptidase activity and thereby impact cleavage or protein stability of UBP15 and TCPs in protoplasts.

Please, also see the specific comments of the reviewers below, which you may also discuss in your revised manuscript.

Reviewer #1:

The manuscript by Vanhaeren et al. reports that UBP12/13 deubiquitinate DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, which might reduce their peptidase activity. Overexpression of UBP12 or UBP13 strongly decreased leaf size and cell area, and had lower ploidy levels. Mutations in UBP12 and UBP13 also produced smaller leaves that contained fewer and smaller cells. It seems interesting, but several conclusions are not justified.

1) If UBP12/13 can deactivate DA1/DAR1/2 (Figure 6), mutations in UBP12/13 could increase the accumulation of TCP15/22 and UBP15, resulting in larger and fewer cells. However, ubp12 ubp13 mutants produced smaller leaves that contained smaller and fewer cells. In addition, the authors did not confirm whether ubp12 ubp13 could affect the levels of TCP15/22 and UBP15 proteins. Thus, the working model in Figure 6 might be incorrect.

2) It is unclear whether UBP12/13 can really remove monoubiquited DA1/DAR1/DAR2 or/and polyubiquitated DA1/DAR1/2 in vitro and in vivo. The polyubiquitination might affect protein stability. As the authors generated 35S:UBP12 / 35S:GFP-DA1 and 35S:UBP13 / 35S:GFP-DA1 plants, it is easy to test whether UBP12/13 could affect the stability of DA1 by Western blots.

3) If UBP12/13 can repress the activity of DA1/DAR1/2, it is necessary to test whether mutations in DA1/DAR1/2 could suppress the phenotypes of ubp12/13.

4) The authors showed the in vivo interaction of DA1 family proteins with UBP12 and UBP13 by label-free MS analyses. However, it's better to provide more interaction evidence by other approaches since MS analyses give false positive results some time.

Reviewer #2:

This paper by Vanhaeren et al. identifies and characterises a novel role for two deubiquitinating enzymes (UBP13 and 13) in the control of peptidase activity linked to cell growth. It was previously shown that the E3 ligases BB and DA2 monoubiquitinate and activate the latent peptidases DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, which then go on to limit leaf growth through disabling a range of positive regulators. Using a combination of mass-spec based screening, genetic manipulation, phenotypic analysis of growth and cell size, and in vitro biochemistry, the authors of this work identify UBP12 and 13 as interaction partners of the DA1/DAR1/DAR2 peptidases, and show convincingly that they act upstream of peptidase function through specific and selective deubiquitination. Thus, this work identifies a new level of regulation in the control of peptidase activity linked to cell growth, and provides new insights into how deubiquitination can play a major regulatory role in growth-associated cellular processes. Overall the experimental work is of a good standard, and the data presented support the conclusions drawn. The paper is well written, and the figures are clear.

Reviewer #3:

The manuscript by Vanhaeren and co-authors describes a potential regulatory link between Arabidopsis UBP12 and UBP13 deubiquitinases and the ubiquitin-dependent peptidases DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 (termed DAs hereafter) to fine tune leaf growth and development. It has been proven that monoubiquitination at multiple sites of DA proteins, mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases BIG BROTHER and DA2, is crucial to activate the DA peptidases, which in turn will cleave key leaf growth regulators, such as UBP15, TCP14, TCP15 and TCP22. Therefore, by identifying a mechanism to counteract DA activation, based on DA deubiquitination, the authors provide new insights on the regulatory networks that modulate the duration of cell proliferation and the transition to endoreduplication and differentiation during leaf formation. In this context, their findings have additional clear implications for crop improvement.

However, despite the relevance and interest of these findings, a number of issues should be addressed to substantiate the model proposed by the authors.

First, whereas biochemical evidence is provided about UBP12 and UBP13 deubiquitinating activity towards DA proteins (Figure 4), in vivo data supporting these results is completely missing. The levels of ubiquitinated DA proteins should be analyzed in plants with altered expression of UBP12 and UBP13 (described in this manuscript).

Second, information about protein-protein interaction between UBP12 and UBP13 and DA proteins is limited to immunoprecipitation-MS data. Such results should be confirmed by additional means that also describe where, at the cellular and subcellular level, those interactions occur (nuclei?).

Third, UBP12 and UBP13 are known to deubiquitinate several, in principle unrelated, targets. However, it remains unknown which mechanisms provide them specificity to recognize a specific set of ubiquitinated targets (i.e. DAs) in order to modulate their activity. Thus, the authors should provide evidence on the precise environmental and developmental conditions, and the signaling mechanisms involved, that trigger UBP12 and UBP13 function towards DAs.

Fourth, reduced and increased activity of UBP12 and UBP13 in ubp12-2 mutants and overexpression lines, respectively, lead to similar leaf and seedling phenotypes (Figure 2, Figure 2—figure supplement 8, summarized in Figure 6). Indeed, in the Discussion section (third paragraph) the authors mention that high levels of UBP12 and UBP13 lead to a severe reduction in cell size. On the other hand, low levels of UBP12 and UBP13 reduce cell area. This is counterintuitive. A more detailed discussion should be provided to better explain the outputs of UBP12 and UBP13 function in balancing DA protein activation/inactivation in order to control plant development.

Fifth, in the last paragraph of the subsection “Overexpression of UBP12 or UBP13 delays the onset of endoreduplication”, and Figure 3 and Figure 3—figure supplements 3 and 4, the authors show that overexpression of UBP12 and UBP13 induces expression, at certain time points, of several genes that positively regulate growth. This is contrary to the plant phenotype for those lines, where growth is reduced. These contradictory results should be discussed.

Sixth, Figure 4C. UBP12- and UBP13-mediated deubiquitination of ubiquitinated DAR2 is not clear at all, compared to that of ubiquitinated DA1 and DAR1. In addition, the fact that the shifted band with higher MW, corresponds indeed to ubiquitinated DA proteins should be proven (showing the in vitro DA2-mediated ubiquitination assays with appropriate controls).

The reviewers appreciated the mechanistic advance of your work, unraveling the regulatory importance of UBPs for the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of DA1, DAR1, and DAR2. However, they request that you should further consolidate your core findings prior publication at eLife. Mandatory requests include:

1) Please, provide a confirmation of the physical interaction of UBPs and DAs through another method.

In the submitted manuscript, we had demonstrated the interaction between DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 with an in vivo IP-MS/MS, using Arabidopsis seedlings. This interaction was also confirmed by the in vitro deubiquitination assay. To further confirm these interactions, we performed an in vitro pull-down using recombinant GST, GST-UBP12 or GST-UBP13 as baits proteins, and HIS-MBP-DA1, HISMBP-DAR1 or HIS-MBP-DAR2 as prey proteins. After incubation and washing, our Western blots showed a strong interaction with GST-UBP12/13 and the prey proteins (HIS-MBP-DA1, HIS-MBP-DAR1 and HIS-MBP-DAR2), but not in the negative control (Figure 1D, E and F).

In addition, we performed an additional in vivo IP in Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures. For this purpose, full expression constructs of 35S::RFP-DA1, 35S::RFP-DAR1, 35S::RFP-DAR2, 35S::GFP-UBP12 and 35S::GFP were amplified by PCR and cloned into golden gate modules using the Gibson assembly method. Existing bsaI sites in the Gateway p35S sequence and the DAR1 coding sequence were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis using dpnI to make the constructs compatible for Golden Gate cloning. Subsequently, these constructs were cloned as interaction pairs on a Golden Gate vector to ensure the co-expression of the constructs in each cell. After an IP and WB, the interaction between GFP-UBP12 and RFP-DA1, RFP-DAR1 and RFP-DAR2 could be confirmed (Figure 1G).

The Materials and methods section has been updated.

2) Please, illustrate the differences in the level of DA1 ubiquitination depending on UBP12 and UBP13 activity.

In the original manuscript, in vitro evidence of the deubiquitination of the DA proteins by UBP12 and UBP13 was provided. in vivo in Arabidopsis, DA1 is a very lowly abundant protein which can only be visualized after IP ((Vanhaeren et al., 2017); Supplementary Figure 3D). In addition, in vivo ubiquitination of DA1 is very challenging to demonstrate. In the past, we extensively attempted to co-express GFP-DA1 with either BB or DA2, but we could never demonstrate an ubiquitination event by Western blotting. Only by adding high amounts of TR-TUBEs, synthetic proteins that specifically bind ubiquitin and might therefore stabilize this post-translational modification, to the extract of 35S::GFPDA1 during the extraction, it was possible to visualize ubiquitination patterns of GFP-DA1 in vivo (Dong et al., 2017). However, the process of adding TR-TUBEs to the extract followed by an immunoprecipitation, combined with the dramatic phenotypic differences between 35S::GFP_DA1 and 35S::GFP-DA1_35S::UBP12/13 plants might however induce a lot of variability. This could complicate a proper quantification of the deubiquitination of DA1. In addition, only limited seed material was available to perform these experiments due to fertility issues of the 35S::UBP12/13 lines, as is mentioned in the original manuscript.

Therefore, we applied an alternative approach based on well-established cell-free degradation approaches (Cheng et al., 2017; Dong et al., 2017; Garcia-Cano et al., 2014). Is such assays, fixed amounts of recombinant proteins are incubated with cell-free extracts of plants and their stability can be visualize over time by Western blot. Similarly, we started from exactly the same amount of ubiquitinated proteins that could be monitored over time. As starting material, newly prepared protein extracts (without protease inhibitors) of 8-day old seedlings of Col-0, ubp12-2, 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13, that contained different levels of UBP12 and UBP13, were used. Subsequently, 400µg of cell-free extract was added per 200ng ubiquitinated HIS-MBP-DA1 proteins. From this reaction mix, equal amounts were taken per time point and deubiquitination was stopped by the addition of SDS-containing buffer. The samples were then subjected to Western blot and detection was done with anti-MBP. To quantify deubiquitination, a rectangle was drawn in ImageJ spanning the size of fully ubiquitinated HIS-MBP-DA1. Then, the lane intensities were plotted and the pixels within the resulting curves were measured.

In the Western blots shown in Figure 5A, we can clearly observe a rapid decrease in molecular weight of the HIS-MBP-DA1 proteins after addition of Col-0 extract (Figure 5A), which was not observed when ubp12-2 extract was added (Figure 5B-C).

Next, we performed a similar experiment that also included the overexpression lines, which have high levels of UBP12 or UBP13. First, we could observe again that a slower rate of deubiquitination in samples where ubp12-2 extract was added compared to those with Col-0 (Figure 5D-E). To be as stringent as possible, the stronger HIS-MBP-DA1 band of the ubp12-2 Western blot at 0 h (Figure 5E, lane 7) was taken to calculate the deubiquitination (see Figure 5—source data 1: Calculation of in vivo deubiquitination). For the other blots, the average of the two 0 h lanes were taken. In contrast with the slower deubiquitination with ubp12-2 extract, a faster loss of the ubiquitinated HIS-MBP-DA1 was observed when an extract of 35S::UBP12 or 35S::UBP13 plants was added compared to Col-0 (Figure 5F-H).

Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that the level of DA1 deubiquitination depends on different in planta levels of UBP12 and UBP13 and strengthen the validity of the in vitro experiments. These data were included as Figure 5 in the manuscript and an additional Source data file containing the plots and measurements was added.

3) Please, revise the model at the end so it only reflects what has definitely been shown in this (and previous) studies.

We have indicated in the model in a graphical manner what was demonstrated phenotypically (Figure 7, top panel) and molecularly (Figure 7, middle panel) in this study, and what the potential outcomes on the substrates of DA1 are, based on published work (Figure 7, bottom panel).

In addition, we added an updated model of the complete molecular mode of action of the entire pathway, adding the results from this manuscript to the knowledge from previous studies. This figure (in high resolution) was added as Figure 7—figure supplement 1 in the manuscript.

4) To complement the in vitro evidence, the reviewers kindly ask to possibly test whether overexpression or downregulation of UBP12/3 indeed affect DA1/DAR1/2 peptidase activity and thereby impact cleavage or protein stability of UBP15 and TCPs in protoplasts.

To address this challenging request, we aimed to generate an in vivo situation with high levels of ubiquitinated DA1, which could then be counteracted by either UBP12, UBP13 and their respective catalytically dead mutants. For this purpose, we generated the following expression constructs:

1) 35S::RFP-DA1 and 35S::DA2-FLAG to generate ubiquitinated DA1

2) p35S::GFP-UBP12 and p35S::GFP-UBP13 as inhibitors of DA1 activity and p35S::GFP-UBP12^C208S and p35S::GFP-UBP13^C207S as the respective negative controls

3) pUBP10::HA-TCP14, pUBP10::HA-TCP15, pUBP10::HA-TCP22, pUBP10::HA-UBP15 and pUBP10::HA-BB as cleaving substrates

The following setup was used (only one substrate is shown) to detect cleaving by DA1 and inhibition of cleaving by UBP12 or UBP13.

Next, protoplasts were transformed with these four constructs and the cleavage of the substrate was used as a readout of DA1 activity. Unfortunately and despite numerous attempts, we were unable to simultaneously express all four constructs in protoplasts of either BY-2 cells, Arabidopsis mesophyll cells or Arabidopsis cell suspension culture cells.

To ensure a better simultaneous transformation (and hence expression) and in an attempt to enhance the detection sensitivity, we then generated the following constructs:

1) 35S::HA-DA1 and 35S::DA2-FLAG to generate ubiquitinated DA1

2) pUBP10::UBP12-BFP and pUBP10::UBP13-BFP as inhibitors of DA1 activity and pUBP10::UBP12^C208S–BFP and pUBP10::UBP13^C207S–BFP as the respective negative controls

3) pUBP10::NLS-GFP-TCP14-mCherry, pUBP10::NLS-GFP-TCP15-mCherry, pUBP10::NLS-GFPTCP22-mCherry, pUBP10::NLS-GFP-BB-mCherry as cleaving substrates

These constructs of the cleaving substrates would allow us to detect the cleaving and inhibition of cleaving with confocal microscopy by measuring the differences of FRET, and hence cleaving of the substrate, in the presence of UBP12/13 compared to their catalytic mutants.

Because a simultaneous expression of these constructs in each cell is required, these constructs were amplified by PCR and cloned into Golden Gate modules (pGGA000, pGGB000, pGGC000, pGGD000) using the Gibson assembly method (NEB, E5510S). The sequences were verified and existing bsaI sites in the gateway p35S and coding sequences were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis using dpnI to make the constructs compatible for Golden Gate cloning. Subsequently, these constructs were cloned as multiple expression modules in a small Golden Gate vector (pGG-AG-kan). A schematic representation of a set of these modules can be found in Author response table 2:

Unfortunately and despite a large amount of work using protoplasts of BY-2 cells and Arabidopsis cell suspension culture cells, no fluorescent signal could be observed in these cells (after 12, 24 or 48 hours).

Additional requests:

We performed additional experiments to address the additional comments and suggestions of the reviewers. The suggested textual changes were applied and size bars were added where necessary.

Please provide an image or a reference for the leaf roundness of da1-1 plants and plants overexpressing UBP12 or UBP13.

We have measured the height and width of Col-0, da1-1, 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 leaves and calculated the leaf index. The leaf index is the ratio of leaf height to width and hence a measure of leaf shape (Tsukaya, 2002). We found that the leaf index of da1-1, 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 leaves was consistently smaller than that of Col-0, meaning the leaves have a rounder shape.

These figures were included as Figure 2—figure supplements 1-2 in the manuscript, the raw data and statistical analysis are added as Figure 2—source data 2.

Please test if the stability of DA1 is affected by the presence of high levels of UBP12 and UBP13 in vivo by Western blot.

We have extracted proteins of 35S::GFP-DA1, 35S::GFP-DA1_35S::UBP12 and 35S::GFPDA1_35S::UBP13 plants and performed a purification with anti-GFP beads from equal protein inputs. After purification, we submitted the samples to Western blot and detected the abundance of GFP-DA1 proteins. We could not identify dramatic increases in protein abundance in the 35S::GFPDA1_35S::UBP12 and 35S::GFP-DA1_35S::UBP13 samples compared to those of 35S::GFP-DA1, suggesting UBP12 and UBP13 do not prevent potential removal of polyubiquitin chains of DA1 and hereby prevent its degradation by the proteasome.

This figure was added as Figure 5—figure supplement 1 in the manuscript.

Please frame the new findings of UBP12 and UBP13 limiting the activity of DA1 with the additional activation-destruction system of the E3-ligases.

This dual control system is indeed important to restrict the levels of activated DA1. Because DA1 is a negative regulator of growth, these mechanisms are pivotal to keep the balance between active and inactive DA1 and coordinate developmental transitions without compromising growth. We have now addressed this more elaborate in the Discussion section.

Reduced and increased levels of UBP12 and UBP13 lead to a reduction in cell area and leaf size, this counterintuitive observation should be addressed in more detail.

We agree this observation might be counterintuitive. Parallels can be found however with triple mutants of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 (da1ko_dar1-1_dar2-1; (Peng et al., 2015)) and overexpression lines of GFP-DA1 (Vanhaeren et al., 2017). Both lines have contrasting levels of DA1, but produce smaller leaves. Our and previous studies suggest that a tightly controlled balance of activated DA1 is required for a correct developmental switch from cell proliferation to cell differentiation and endoreduplication. If too few ubiquitinated DA1 (DAR1, DAR2) is present, this developmental switch is delayed or severely disturbed and plants are smaller. If, on the other hand, the levels of activated DA1 are too high, too many downstream growth regulators might be cleaved, resulting in a reduction of cell division.

We further elaborated this in the Discussion section of the manuscript.

The authors show that overexpression of UBP12 and UBP13 induces expression, at certain time points, of several genes that positively regulate growth. This is contrary to the plant phenotype for those lines, where growth is reduced. These contradictory results should be discussed.

We agree that the higher levels of positive regulators of growth during the younger stages of leaf development of 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 plants are contradictory with their smaller phenotypes. Many genes that were selected are markers of cell proliferation and their ectopic expression indeed results in an increase in final cell number and leaf size. Most importantly, these genes also show a specific expression pattern during the transition of cell proliferation (high expression) to cell expansion (low expression). It is for the latter reason that these genes were selected. This allowed us to confirm our flow cytometry data, which showed that the leaf tissue of 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 plants was in a more proliferative stage (high expression of these marker genes and more 2C and 4C) than those of the Col-0 (lower expression of these marker genes and more 8C). We also made additional cell drawings of the tip of leaves during this developmental transition from cell proliferation to expansion (12 DAS, (Andriankaja et al., 2012)). We could observe that the cells in Col0 leaves clearly started expanding and differentiating, whereas the leaf tips of 35S::UBP12 or 35S::UBP13 plants contained almost exclusively undifferentiated cells (see Figure 3D). These results, together with our observation that cell number was not significantly altered in UBP12 an UBP13 overexpression lines, indicate that especially during the early developmental stages of leaf growth, endoreduplication and cell differentiation are delayed in 35S::UBP12 and 35S::UBP13 leaves.

We rephrased the choice for these Q-RT-PCR genes and elaborated the interpretation of the data more extensively in manuscript and added the cellular data to the Results section.

Please, describe where, at the cellular and subcellular level, the interaction between DA1, DAR1, DAR2 and UBP12, UBP13 occur.

We transiently expressed combinations of 35S::RFP-DA1, 35S::RFP-DAR1, 35S::RFP-DAR2 and 35S::GFP-UBP12, GFP-UBP13 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using confocal microscopy we could show that these proteins co-localize in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus (see Figure 7—figure supplements 5-10).

Author details

1. Hannes Vanhaeren

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   3. VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai, Ghent, Belgium
   4. Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai, Ghent, Belgium

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Project administration

   For correspondence

   hahae@psb.vib-ugent.be

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

   "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-3343-377X

2. Ying Chen

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Investigation

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

3. Mattias Vermeersch

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Investigation

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

4. Liesbeth De Milde

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

5. Valerie De Vleeschhauwer

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Investigation

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

6. Annelore Natran

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Investigation

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

7. Geert Persiau

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Investigation

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

8. Dominique Eeckhout

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Data curation, Formal analysis

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

9. Geert De Jaeger

   1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
   2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

   Contribution

   Resources, Formal analysis

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

   "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-6558-5669

10. Kris Gevaert

    VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai, Ghent, Belgium

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition

    For correspondence

    kris.gevaert@vib-ugent.be

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

    "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-4237-0283

11. Dirk Inzé

    1. VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
    2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition

    For correspondence

    dirk.inze@psb.vib-ugent.be

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

    "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-3217-8407

• 2,590

  Page views

• 619

  Downloads

• 20

  Citations

Article citation count generated by polling the highest count across the following sources: Crossref, PubMed Central, Scopus.