1. Cell Biology
  2. Developmental Biology

Multiple Wnts act synergistically to induce Chk1/Grapes expression and mediate G2 arrest in Drosophila tracheoblasts

  1. Amrutha Kizhedathu
  2. Rose Sebastian Kunnappallil
  3. Archit V Bagul
  4. Puja Verma
  5. Arjun Guha  Is a corresponding author
  1. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), India
  2. National Center for Biological Sciences, India
  3. Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, France
  4. Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, India
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57056
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  1. Amrutha Kizhedathu
  2. Rose Sebastian Kunnappallil
  3. Archit V Bagul
  4. Puja Verma
  5. Arjun Guha
(2020)
Multiple Wnts act synergistically to induce Chk1/Grapes expression and mediate G2 arrest in Drosophila tracheoblasts
eLife 9:e57056.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57056
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Abstract

Larval tracheae of Drosophila harbour progenitors of the adult tracheal system (tracheoblasts). Thoracic tracheoblasts are arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle in an ATR (mei-41)-Checkpoint Kinase1 (grapes, Chk1) dependent manner prior to mitotic re-entry. Here we investigate developmental regulation of Chk1 activation. We report that Wnt signaling is high in tracheoblasts and this is necessary for high levels of activated (phosphorylated) Chk1. We find that canonical Wnt signaling facilitates this by transcriptional upregulation of Chk1 expression in cells that have ATR kinase activity. Wnt signalling is dependent on four Wnts (Wg, Wnt5, 6,10) that are expressed at high levels in arrested tracheoblasts and are downregulated at mitotic re-entry. Interestingly, none of the Wnts are dispensable and act synergistically to induce Chk1. Finally, we show that downregulation of Wnt signalling and Chk1 expression leads to mitotic re-entry and the concomitant upregulation of Dpp signalling, driving tracheoblast proliferation.

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All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the manuscript.

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Author details

  1. Amrutha Kizhedathu

    Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

  2. Rose Sebastian Kunnappallil

    Neurobiology, National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

  3. Archit V Bagul

    Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

  4. Puja Verma

    Regulation of Cell Fate, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

  5. Arjun Guha

    Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
    For correspondence
    arjung@instem.res.in
    Competing interests
    The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-3753-1484

Funding

Department of Biotechnology , Ministry of Science and Technology (inStem Core Grant)

  • Arjun Guha

Department of Biotechnology , Ministry of Science and Technology (InStem Core Grant)

  • Arjun Guha

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Copyright

© 2020, Kizhedathu et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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  1. Amrutha Kizhedathu
  2. Rose Sebastian Kunnappallil
  3. Archit V Bagul
  4. Puja Verma
  5. Arjun Guha
(2020)
Multiple Wnts act synergistically to induce Chk1/Grapes expression and mediate G2 arrest in Drosophila tracheoblasts
eLife 9:e57056.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57056

Share this article

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57056

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Further reading

    1. Cell Biology
    2. Developmental Biology

    Duox-generated reactive oxygen species activate ATR/Chk1 to induce G2 arrest in Drosophila tracheoblasts

    Amrutha Kizhedathu, Piyush Chhajed ... Arjun Guha
    Research Advance Updated

    Progenitors of the thoracic tracheal system of adult Drosophila (tracheoblasts) arrest in G2 during larval life and rekindle a mitotic program subsequently. G2 arrest is dependent on ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3-related kinase (ATR)-dependent phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) that is actuated in the absence of detectable DNA damage. We are interested in the mechanisms that activate ATR/Chk1 (Kizhedathu et al., 2018; Kizhedathu et al., 2020). Here we report that levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are high in arrested tracheoblasts and decrease upon mitotic re-entry. High ROS is dependent on expression of Duox, an H2O2 generating dual oxidase. ROS quenching by overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1, or by knockdown of Duox, abolishes Chk1 phosphorylation and results in precocious proliferation. Tracheae deficient in Duox, or deficient in both Duox and regulators of DNA damage-dependent ATR/Chk1 activation (ATRIP/TOPBP1/claspin), can induce phosphorylation of Chk1 in response to micromolar concentrations of H2O2 in minutes. The findings presented reveal that H2O2 activates ATR/Chk1 in tracheoblasts by a non-canonical, potentially direct, mechanism.

    1. Developmental Biology

    Negative regulation of G2-M by ATR (mei-41)/Chk1(Grapes) facilitates tracheoblast growth and tracheal hypertrophy in Drosophila

    Amrutha Kizhedathu, Archit V Bagul, Arjun Guha
    Research Article Updated

    Imaginal progenitors in Drosophila are known to arrest in G2 during larval stages and proliferate thereafter. Here we investigate the mechanism and implications of G2 arrest in progenitors of the adult thoracic tracheal epithelium (tracheoblasts). We report that tracheoblasts pause in G2 for ~48–56 h and grow in size over this period. Surprisingly, tracheoblasts arrested in G2 express drivers of G2-M like Cdc25/String (Stg). We find that mechanisms that prevent G2-M are also in place in this interval. Tracheoblasts activate Checkpoint Kinase 1/Grapes (Chk1/Grp) in an ATR/mei-41-dependent manner. Loss of ATR/Chk1 led to precocious mitotic entry ~24–32 h earlier. These divisions were apparently normal as there was no evidence of increased DNA damage or cell death. However, induction of precocious mitoses impaired growth of tracheoblasts and the tracheae they comprise. We propose that ATR/Chk1 negatively regulate G2-M in developing tracheoblasts and that G2 arrest facilitates cellular and hypertrophic organ growth.